Conflict Theory And The Mexican Revolution - 2247 Words

Conflict Theory and the Mexican Revolution Makenna Nichols Political Science 324 Winter 2015 The Mexican Revolution was a time of massive death counts and extreme bloodshed. It occurred from 1910 during Porfirio Diaz’s last years as a dictator/president and ended with the Mexican Constitution of 1917. In the case of Mexico, the revolution was inevitable. Why do revolutions occur and specifically the Mexican Revolution? The large majority of the population was peasants and the lower class. Their needs were not met politically, socially and morally. There were many fighters of the revolution such as Francisco Madero, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. They fought for reform politically, economically and socially. After the revolution, a power vacuum was created and anyone who became the president was revolted against. Also, the Constitution of 1917 was created and is still used today. Evidence gathered through research should show that factors such as suppression and inequality as well as dictatorship under Porfirio Diaz were the factors that lead to this revolutionary t ime. Conflicts and revolutions have occurred throughout history from the beginning of time. These conflicts and revolutions can all be explained by one theory, Karl Marx’s Conflict Theory. This theory describes a two-class system and how the two classes opposing views ultimately lead to revolts and change of the traditional system. These opposing views stem from a suppressed and exploited working/lower class.Show MoreRelatedMexican Society in the eyes of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim1118 Words   |  5 PagesIn the article titled â€Å"Mexican officials daughter gets restaurant closed after she didnt get table she wanted† gives us the opportunity to explore a current event in Mexican society and the influence of social media which we attempt to view through the eyes of both Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. We will focus on Karl Marx’s conflict theory of capitalism and Emile Durkheim’s structural functionalism theory of dynamic density. Both theories remain relevan t today, and a correlation exists regardingRead MoreModern Mexican Society And Its Culture1616 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand modern Mexican society and its culture we have to analyze its social, economic and political development through the early stages of industrialization and the conditions under which this development took place. Following the Marxist theory of Historical Materialism, we will look at the rise of capitalism during the Porfiriato (time period in which General Porfirio Diaz governed Mexico), the class conflicts arising during this time period that produced the Mexican Revolution of 1910, the politicalRead MoreThe Cultural And Racial Unity Of All Indigenous People1496 Words   |  6 PagesSince 1492, the year in which Christopher Columbus discovered the New World, the â€Å"Native Americans†, or â€Å"American Indians†, the original inhabitants of these newfound lands, became a source of dispute and conflict. The terminology of the word ‘Indi an’ suggests the cultural and racial unity of all indigenous people, but it was not an idea shared by them. On the contrary, a huge variety of languages, traditions, cultures, lifestyles, existed among the indigenous populations, and had done so for thousandsRead MoreIllegal Immigration Essay901 Words   |  4 Pagesplace because they are desperately looking for better opportunities, running away from famine, wars or violence. For instance, Mexico unfortunately has a poor economy with a high population and the country is still engaged in a war with various Mexican drug cartels which kills more than 80,000 people every year (â€Å"Reasons for Illegal Immigration). Therefore, United States, being one of the most prosperous countries, attracts many of these illegal immigrants. It provides freedom of speech and religionRead MoreCultural Relations Are Historically Filled With Conflict1298 Words   |  6 Pages Intra-cultural relations are historically filled with conflict; and to deal with this conflict: Gloria Anzaldua’s concepts of opposing cultures and language barriers, John Locke’s Equality theory, and Kwame Anthony Appiah’s global citizenship theory explores the issue and works towards better relations. According to Anzaldua, people are not of one culture, but in several cases, several clashing, distinct cultures. Anzaldua argues that language is part of our identity, and it is a barrier betweenRead MoreConflict Theories Focus On The Political Nature Of Crime1439 Words   |  6 PagesConflict theories focus on the political nature of crime and examine the creation and application of the law. Conflict theory fundamental assumption is that society is characterized more by conflict than by collective consensus. This characterization allows conflict theory to be viewed at on a continuous spectrum from different vantage points. On one end of the spectrum is the pluralistic view that infers that society is composed of different groups which are in a struggle for maintain their interestRead MoreThe Immigration Of Mexican Drug Cartels981 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom their homeland. For example, Mexico and most central and South America countries unfortunately have a poor economic, environmental and life is not easy to live there. These countries also still engaged in a war with various reasons. Especially; Mexican drug cartels which kills more than 80,000 people in every year. Therefore, United States being the main country that so many immigrants attract as they try to cross the border illegally. As they looking a place that provides freedom of speech andRead MoreCrucial To Understanding The Appeal Of A Multi-National1714 Words   |  7 Pagesas creative destruction. Using international relations concepts, I will explain why the formation of the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) strengthened US-Mexico relations by increasing their economic ties, decreasing the probability of conflict, and promoting cultural exchange. The creation of a formal economic union between Mexico, the United States, and Canada added millions of jobs, increased family incomes, and reduced unemployment in North American economies in the years that followedRead MoreA Glorious Defeat1212 Words   |  5 Pages For the Glory of Mexico In this book, Timothy J. Henderson examines the origins, outcomes, and modern-day consequences of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). A Glorious Defeat is organized around two central questions: why did Mexico go to war with the United States in 1846 and why did the war go so badly for Mexico? Henderson does provide the answers to these questions, based on the reader having some knowledge of the expansionist history that the US partook in with its southern neighborsRead MoreThe s Concept Of Cuban Nationalism Essay2021 Words   |  9 Pagesnational Latin American identity while still tying in cultural aspects of Spain and North America that he had picked up during his time spent in exile. Josà © Martà ­Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s vision for an independent Cuba united Latin Americans all over the world and incited a revolution that would define a new future Cuban National Identity for better or for worse. Josà © Martà ­ spent the majority of his life in exile, so much so that he no longer considered himself a son of Cuba, but rather of America a country he had grown to

A Psychoanalytical Reading of Everyday Use by Alice Walker

Eman Mohammed A psychoanalytical reading of Everyday Use by Alice Walker In everyday use the story is about a black family consists of two daughters and a mother. Its main idea is the attachment between each character to the past and to their family. Each character has different perspective towards the past. In my following essay I intend to look deeply in the characters mind by applying the psychoanalytical reading which can present details not only about the text but also about the author. There are different angles of this field and Im going to tackle some of them; by means of using some Freudian terms I will depend on the character analysis method and by referring to the characters in relation with the author†¦show more content†¦The other point is that in her day dreaming she fantasizes about how she would like her relationship with Dee to be:Youve no doubt seen those TV shows where the child who has made it is confronted†¦But that are a mistake. I know even before I wake up. The mother desires to have a sentimental relations hip with Dee is apparent. Moving to Dees character she appears as a selfish girl in which her actions are controlled by her id. In the story she always wants to satisfy her desires and doesnt care to the people whom she will hurt while trying to get what she wants. As she arrives she begins to ask for things and collecting objects that she will show it off to her friends. Here, the desire of wanting something is shown in her collecting of these things , so she has the desire to back into her original roots because it become fashionable . The mother thinks that she will never bring her friends over to her house because she is embarrassed by her mother’s humble. Surprisingly, she brings her boyfriend; she brings him only to show off what they have of heritage. Consciously, she believes that she is the better in her family in understanding her past and heritage but unconsciously, she revealed the opposite. This is shown in changing her name; she doesnt want to be called so because she doesnt wan t to be named after someone else thus, she wants to be separated from her past, I couldnt bear it any longer, being

Daphnia free essay sample

But in each case, the body temperature must remain within the acceptable limits that are inherent to that species. For example, although humans have adapted to survival in a wide range of environmental temperatures, the temperature of the body must remain relatively close to the ideal ICC in order to avoid any impairment of physiological functions. The ideal body temperature may change with each species, but the general principle remains the same: the normal physiological processes of an organism can only be carried out within a relatively narrow range of temperatures. Fortunately, humans, like most mammals and birds, are endothermic, which meaner that most of the body heat is derived from its own metabolism. In order to maintain a fairly constant body temperature, a combination of behavioral and physiological adaptations is utilized. For example, when endothermic get too cold, they may increase heat production by moving around, shivering, and releasing hormones that increase their metabolic rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Daphnia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When they get too hot, they may pant or sweat. In addition, endothermic may alter their blood flow, utilize their insulation (fat, feathers, r fur), or simply relocate to a warmer or cooler area. This type of thermal physiology is especially advantageous for a few reasons. First, it enables marine and terrestrial endothermic to maintain a relatively constant body temperature when faced with severe environmental temperature fluctuations (homeostasis). Second, it allows these animals to endure vigorous activity for fairly long periods of time due to their high levels of aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration). This is especially important to terrestrial animals because moving on land requires a much greater effort than moving in water. An alternative type of thermal physiology is referred to as ectoderm. Isotherms rely almost entirely on environmental sources of heat to warm their bodies. Most invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, and amphibians are included in this classification. The term cold-blooded is often used to describe isotherms, but this is sometimes misleading. Often times these so-called cold-blooded animals actually have active body temperatures that are higher than those of mammals. An example of this is seen in the desert iguana Spymaster. Permission granted to make unlimited copies for use in any one school building. For educational use only. Not for commercial use or resale. 2002 WARDS Natural Science Establishment, Inc. All Rights Reserved Daphnia produce most of their young without mating. This is known as parthenogenesis reproduction. (Duplicitous dorsal), which has one of the highest preferred body temperatures known for any vertebrate 1000 to 1080 Fahrenheit! The advantage of being an ectoderm is that very little energy is used to maintain body temperature, since this is taken care of by the environment. For example, when a lizards body temperature is cool, it will sit in the sun to raise its temperature back up again. When it gets too warm, the lizard will seek shade to cool off again. In addition, isotherms are able to produce a small amount of heat metabolically at low rates, and use some physiological meaner of triangulation. However, isotherms have a bit of a disadvantage in that they are somewhat limited as to the environments that they can inhabit. Alaska is certainly not an ideal home for a lizard! We can easily study an isotherms rate of metabolism by examining the water flea, Daphnia magna. Daphnia are of great importance in the aquatic food chain and are a principle t staple tort young and adult ties. The body tot a Daphnia is translucent which makes the beating, football-shaped heart readily visible under a microscope. Because the heart rate is variable with water temperature, it is easy to alter the Dauphins heart rate and observe the changes. 2 0 2002 WARDS Natural Science Establishment, Inc. OBJECTIVES Illustrate and label the main anatomical structures of a Daphnia Alter the temperature of a Dauphins environment and quantify the changes in its heart rate Differentiate between endothermic and exothermic animals Understand the advantages and disadvantages of each type of hierological An adult blue whale, with a heart the size of a small car, NAS one tot the slowest heart rates To 6 beats per minute. Petroleum Jelly Daphnia culture PROCEDURE Obtain each of the following: 50 ml room temperature water 50 ml ice water 250 ml beaker Heat protective gloves are recommended when working with hot plates GLOVES 2. Place 150 ml of tap water in the beaker and allow it to boil on a hot plate. While you wait, proceed to Step 3. . Set the lid of the Petri dish aside and fill the bottom of the dish with 25 ml of room temperature water (approximately ICC). 4. Place a dab of petroleum Jelly in the center of a microscope slide. Obtain a graduated pipette and cut the pipette at the line mark ed . 5. Use this pipette to place one large Daphnia on the dab of petroleum Jelly. Make sure that the Daphnia cannot swim away and then pour off all of the extra water from the slide into the upside-down lid of the Petri dish. 6. Dispense 25 ml of room temperature water into the Petri dish (not the lid). Place the lied with the Daphnia in the dish, and allow it to sit for at least one minute to equilibrate. 7. Place the entire dish on the stage of a stereoscopes. 8. Look through the microscope and locate the beating heart of the Daphnia, which sits behind the dark line of the digestive tract. Draw what you see in the space below. Be sure to label the heart as well as any other anatomical structures you may recognize. 9. Practice counting the number of heart beats in a 15 second period: Have one partner keep track of the time while the other observes. Once the observer indicates that hey are ready, the timing should begin. Switch positions and repeat this practice. Do not move on to the next step until both partners feel comfortable measuring the heartbeat. A hummingbirds heart beats about 1,000 times per minute. HINT It may be helpful for the observer to count in increments often and keep track of every tenth beat by counting off with their fingers (I. E. , three fingers would equal thirty beats). 10. Take the temperature of the room temperature water in the Petri dish and record this number in Table 1. Count the number of times the heart beats over a period tot 5 seconds and record this data Repeat the count three more times and record your results in Table 1 . 11. Remove the slide and empty the Petri dish of the water. Fill the dish with approximately 30 ml of ice water and place the slide in the dish. Let the preparation acclimate for one minute on the stage of the stereoscopes. 12. Again locate and focus in on the heart of the Daphnia. Record the temperature of the water and measure the Dauphins heart rate as before. Record the data in Table 13. Gradually add the boiling water to the Petri dish while gently stirring and keeping rac k of the temperature. At ICC intervals, take a heart rate measurement and record the temperature and the number of heart beats in Table 1. If the Petri dish gets too full, simply remove some of the water to make room for more. DID YOU KNOW? The average human heart beats 72 times per minute. Within one day, the heart beats over 100,000 times. 14. Stop taking heart rate measurements when the Dauphins heart rate stops changing, or when you can no longer measure the heart rate of the specimen. 15. Study Figure 1 below and compare it to your Daphnia drawing.

International Business Issues and Ethics

Abstract This report evaluates the business ethics and practices at British Airways and Wal-Mart in light of the prevailing political, social, ethical and legal backgrounds. It contrasts the political, social, ethical and legal phenomena in the Britain and USA, the home of these two companies respectively, and how the factors determine decision making at management level.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Issues and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business ethics, especially regarding labor relations has been chosen because it is a shared challenge between the two firms. British Airways and Wal-Mart have a history of labor relations problems. This report focuses on how these factors influence management of labor relations in the two firms and the resultant outcomes. International Business Issues and Ethics As globalization evolves so is international business. Globally, business has g rown to an extent that international businesses are now sharing similar business challenges. This is due to the emergence of international business models. It is worth noting that despite the fact that international firms are facing almost the same problems world over, there are factors determine how these problems are approached in each country. These factors include political, social, legal and ethical. Each country has a set of unique norms and cultural orientations that determine the type of ethical systems that exist. This means that businesses are regulated using different ethics from country to country. Therefore, company managers have to ensure that they are conversant with the ethical systems of the countries within which their businesses operate. These ethical systems influence decision making (The Sullivan Foundation, n. d.). Two companies, Wal-Mart and British Airways have one similar problem: labor relations disputes. The two corporate giants have been received numerous trade suits in the resent past most of them regarding labor relations. Management decisions in the two companies in response to the issue of labor relations vary because of the prevailing political, social, legal and ethical factors in Britain and America. The political environment in America is different from the political environment in Britain. In America, large corporations are allowed to contribute financially to government projects as well as political campaigns. Such contributions are used by these companies to establish political links with the Senate, and later use those links to create business advantage. Wal-Mart, being one of the leading political financers in America, has gained huge popularity within government circles. The company uses its close links with the government to induce major decisions at Senate level. The company has used its political connection in Washington to keep all its employees from being unionized (Quinn, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More British Airways operates under a different political environment that requires employers to unionize their employees. The company aims at keeping a balance between negotiating with individual staff members and the staff unions. The company has an efficient communication strategy that facilitates effective negotiation with individual employees as well as staff unions (Blyton Turnbull, 2004). Wal-Mart is opposed to allowing its employees to join staff unions as it sees this as the best way to maintain its competitive advantage over its competitors. The company believes that keeping employees un-unionized is for the best interest of the company as well as the employees. The company also sees this as an effective business practice that will help it maintain its position as the number one retailer globally. As such, the management fights staff unionization at all cost (Quinn, 2000 ). This means that the management at Wal-Mart follows a pragmatic approach to labor issues, something akin to ethical relativism (Prawda, 2009). The company’s decisions regarding labor relation are thus pragmatic. One of the most esteemed business practices at British Airways is to keep employees happy and satisfied. As such the company allows for unionization of its staff members. Due to the heavy presence of unions, the company’s management decision making especially regarding labor relations is more structured and procedural. The company in making major business decisions has to negotiate with employees through their trade unions (Blyton Turnbull, 2004). Absence of staff unions at Wal-Mart means that the company has an automatic legal advantage over its staff whenever labor relation issues arise. Wal-Mart’s effort to limit unionization of its employees is a legal tool to evade any legal liabilities (Quinn, 2000). For British Airways, the heavy presence of la bor unions means that most of the labor disputes end up in court or in employment tribunals. As such, the company has more legal liabilities and has to negotiate intensely with employees as well as trade unions to avoid any legal suits. This also means that the management decision making is inclined towards meeting employees’ interests. The companies approach to labor relations based on the human rights theory (Prawda, 2009). Social factors also play a role management decision making in both companies. In America, the popularity of an organization is seen in terms of its business ethics. Companies with unpopular ethics loose public support. This also means loss of business. To avoid such losses, the management at Wal-Mart engages reputable public relations firms to take care of the company’s public image.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Issues and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page L earn More As such public relation is part of decision making at Walmart (Quinn, 2000). British Airways is also interested in maintaining a reputable public image. As such the company chooses a different path from Wal-Mart. British Airways uses its contact with staff unions as the best tool to manage its public relations. This means that the company sees employees’ relations as the best way to improve its public relations and corporate image (British Airways, 2009). When compared to Wal-Mart, British Airways has more business liabilities due to the business environment it operates in. most of these liabilities are brought about by the fact that the company has tied its labor relations to staff unions. This means that British Airways employees have collective bargaining power, which comes with more rights. The situation in America is quite different, with company’s using their political links for their own business advantage. The implication of such differences is that firm in the two countries have different approaches to management. Reference List Blyton, P., Turnbull, P. (2004). The dynamics of employee relations. Houndmills:` Palgrave. British Airways. (2009). The way we run our business. Retrieved from http://www.britishairways.com/cms/global/microsites/ba_reports0809/pdfs/Workplace.pdf Prawda, G. (2009). The cultural dimension of business ethics. Retrieved from http://philodialogue.com/40-2/ Quinn, B. (2000). How Wal-Mart is destroying America and the world. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Sullivan Foundation. (n. d.). The global Sullivan principles. Web. This essay on International Business Issues and Ethics was written and submitted by user Vertigo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Court Observation Essay Example

Court Observation Essay Example Court Observation Essay Court Observation Essay Court observation The courts have the function of giving the public a chance to present themselves whether to prosecute or defend themselves if any disputes against them rises. It is known to everyone that a court is a place where disputes can be settled while using the right and proper procedures. The court is also the place where a just, fair and unbiased trial can be heard so that it would not cause any disadvantage to either of the party involved in the dispute. The parties are given a chance to represent themselves or to choose to have a legal representative ,which is mostly preferred by many. In the Session Court that I attended, the physical appearance of the court is similar to other courts. The judge sits in the centre and in the presence of everyone at the front. The Interpreter sits in front of the judge with the Bar Table placed directly in front of the interpreter. On the right hand side of the Bar Table is the Witness box and the defendant sits directly at the back of Bar Table. A police officer is placed on the left side of the defendant to guard the public and those present in the court. There is a divider between where the public sits with those involved with the legal proceedings. Everyone entering the courtroom will have to bow the judge as a sign of respect to the judge before they proceed to their respective seats. The role of the interpreter is to make sure the witness reads the oath before testifying in the case. In the case that I attended, both the plaintiff and defendant were represented by their respective lawyers. As I only had the opportunity to witness the defendant’s lawyer to prove his version of the case, as to call witness and asking questions. I felt that he wasn’t effective when presenting his case as he fumbled with his words a lot and was not questions most of time to the defendant. This shows that the counsel is unable to present himself well enough to communicate his facts to the witnesses. I also felt that counsel has not done a good job and would very unlikely be able to catch the attention of the judge. In Malaysia Judiciary System, the Adversarial System is practiced, where the two parties involved in the dispute I given the chance to present and prove their version of facts and disprove the version of the other side. Am impartial judge listens to the evidence and makes a decision as to which side is guilty. In this case will determine the question of fact where else the jury determines the questions of fact. However, the Adversarial System in Malaysia is practiced without a jury due to constraints and other disadvantages of empanelling juries. Thus, in this system, the judge role is to determine the Questions of Law as well as the Questions of Facts. He or she is also to ensure that the Rules Of THE case without interruption unless she is asked questions by the counsels. I unfortunately only had a little time to witness the proceedings, so I only got to see the calling witnesses to present evidence according to the Rules of Evidence. So far, the type of evidence produce is not hearsay evidence but direct oral evidence where the witness told the court what he saw. The lawyers and the judge then record the evidence presented. The proceedings of the hearing were formal where the Rules of Procedures is carried out. The judge is to ensure the existence of theses rules in every hearing. Silence is to be kept in the courtroom and the public is not supposed to speak and hand phones are to also be switched off to avoid any disruption in the court room.. Everybody attending before the judge is required to now to the judge when he or she walks in or out if the court as a sign of respect. The judge is addressed as Yang Arif in the Sessions court and the lawyers and the judge have to follow the dress code of wearing black and white during the court proceeding. In my opinion,the court did quite well in dealing fairly and equally with all that came before it. The defendant was givien the chance to be represented by his lawyer and the plaintiff was given the chance to be represented by its lawyer as well. The lawyer did their duty to try to prove their versions of facts and try to disprove the opposing party in order to won the case. The lawyers were given the chance to cross-examine witness who is called by the respective lawyers.

Forestry Jobs, Careers, and Employment

Forestry Jobs, Careers, and Employment According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the largest employers of forestry personnel are the state and federal governments. However, the government is not the only source for forestry employment. The forest products industry is a very large employer and routinely hires foresters, forestry technicians and forestry workers throughout the United States and Canada. They usually hire foresters to work on company lands or to purchase wood for their mills. There are also forestry consultants. You may get your first start as an employee of a large consulting forestry firm who generally works for anyone needing forestry assistance. They do it all, either for a flat fee or a percentage of the sale of timber. Becoming a Forester A professional forester has a minimum of a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in forestry. This degree has to be earned at an accredited forestry school and is usually a minimum entry-level requirement for becoming either a registered or licensed forester in many states, or to become a Certified Forester by the Society of American Foresters (SAF). Foresters are being trained and hired all over the world. Much of what a forester learns is in addition to formal training (see more on what a forester needs to know). Foresters spend considerable time outdoors the first years of their careers. Typical entry-level responsibilities might include measuring and grading trees, evaluating insect outbreaks, conducting land surveys, working in an urban park, evaluating water quality, fighting wildfires, managing prescribed fires, laying out a road system, planting seedlings, and planning  recreational use of forestlands. Duties of a Forester Many foresters manage forested property or purchase timber from timbered lands. An industrial forester may procure timber from private landowners. Doing this entails contacting local forest owners, quantifying the inventory, and appraising the timbers worth. A forester may have to deal with loggers, aid in road layout, and make sure the work meets landowner requirements. He also must deal with state and federal environmental specifications to qualify for types of cost-share practices or maintain appropriate site quality. Foresters who work for state and federal governments manage public forests and parks and also work with private landowners to protect and manage forest land outside of the public domain. They may also design campgrounds and recreational areas. A consulting forester hangs up his own shingle and privately assists people and organizations that need forestry help (see more on what a forester does). After several years of on-the-ground experience and crew supervision, foresters typically advance to preparing reports, public relations, and managing budgets. Many foresters become top executives in public agencies, conservation organizations, and corporations. Others become consultants offering specific forestry services and skills that they develop as they gain experience and knowledge. The Forestry Technician Generally working under the direction of a professional forester,  forestry technicians  compile data on the characteristics of forest land tracts such as size, content, and condition. These workers travel through  sections of forest to gather basic information such as species and the population of trees, disease and insect damage, tree seedling mortality, and conditions that may cause fire danger.​ A technician normally has completed a two-year degree in forest technology from a  SAF recognized forestry technical school. They generally collect the information used to make forest resource decisions. Technical career advancement and ultimate salary levels are usually less than for foresters, however, technicians often have the opportunity to work more in the field than behind a desk. Forest and Logging Workers The  BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook  defines a forestry worker as less skilled workers who perform a variety of tasks to reforest and conserve timberlands and maintain forest facilities such as roads and campsites. The forest worker is usually the hands-on employee that facilitates first-line maintenance and protecting of the forest. A sample of activities usually performed by a forest or logging worker is listed as follows: Tree planting  and reforestationPrescribed burning and fire fighting Timber stand improvement including  pesticide application Boundary  line maintenance Timber cutting  and loggingPark and trail maintenance Most forestry and logging workers develop their skills through on-the-job training. Instruction comes primarily from experienced workers. Many associations give special training, particularly for workers training to operate large, expensive machinery and equipment. Safety training is a vital part of instruction for all forestry and logging workers. Forestry and logging occupations are physically demanding. Most forestry and logging workers often do work outdoors in all kinds of weather, sometimes in isolated areas. Most logging occupations involve lifting, climbing, and other strenuous activities. Loggers work under unusually hazardous conditions. Falling trees and branches are a constant threat and so are the dangers associated with log handling operations and use of sawing equipment. Over long periods of time, hearing may be impaired by high noise levels of logging and harvesting equipment. Experience, exercise of caution, and use of proper safety measures and equipment - such as hardhats, eye and hearing protection, safety clothing, boots, and  fire shelters  - are extremely important to avoid injury. The Forestry Technician Generally working under the direction of a professional forester, forestry technicians compile data on the characteristics of forest land tracts such as size, content, and condition. These workers travel through sections of forest to gather basic information such as species and the population of trees, disease and insect damage, tree seedling mortality, and conditions that may cause fire danger. A technician normally has completed a two-year degree in forest technology from a SAF recognized forestry technical school . They generally collect the information used to make forest resource decisions. Technical career advancement and ultimate salary levels are usually less than for foresters, however, technicians often have the opportunity to work more in the field than behind a desk. Forest and Logging Workers The BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook defines a forestry worker as less skilled workers who perform a variety of tasks to reforest and conserve timberlands and maintain forest facilities such as roads and campsites. The forest worker is usually the hands-on employee that facilitates first-line maintenance and protecting of the forest. A sample of activities usually performed by a forest or logging worker is listed as follows: Tree planting and reforestationPrescribed burning and fire fightingTimber stand improvement including pesticide application Boundary line maintenance Timber cutting and loggingPark and trail maintenance Most forestry and logging workers develop their skills through on-the-job training. Instruction comes primarily from experienced workers. Many associations give special training, particularly for workers training to operate large, expensive machinery and equipment. Safety training is a vital part of instruction for all forestry and logging workers. Forestry and logging occupations are physically demanding. Most forestry and logging workers often do work outdoors in all kinds of weather, sometimes in isolated areas. Most logging occupations involve lifting, climbing, and other strenuous activities. Loggers work under unusually hazardous conditions. Falling trees and branches are a constant threat and so are the dangers associated with log handling operations and use of sawing equipment. Over long periods of time, hearing may be impaired by high noise levels of logging and harvesting equipment. Experience, exercise of caution, and use of proper safety measures and equipment - such as hardhats, eye and hearing protection, safety clothing, boots, and fire shelters - are extremely important to avoid injury.

A Strong, Centrlized Government vs. Fifty Strong State Governments Research Paper

A Strong, Centrlized Government vs. Fifty Strong State Governments - Research Paper Example Ultimately, it was decided that a stronger, centralized government was needed. Through the use of historical reference books as well as the internet and current, scholarly documents, I will show that this is the best situation for the United States of America, to promote unity, stability, and continuity throughout the country. Fifty States, One Nation, One Government: Unity, Stability, and Continuity for the United States of America The debate over who, exactly, should hold power as far as a government was concerned in the United States has stretched back to colonial times. After securing victory in the War for Independence, the Founding Fathers came together to draft, frame, and ratify the Constitution, while the debate over who exactly should hold government power began. Two parties emerged, one who favored a strong â€Å"nation-state† with a centralized government over all the states, and another that favored the power being in the hands of the individual states with a more modest, almost powerless central government (Brinkley, 2004). Much, to be sure, was at stake, not the least of which was the future of the entire fledgling country. Upon the end of the War for Independence, most people believed themselves to be citizens of separate countries, not states within one country, and were unwilling to turn over governmental power to a central government. The people had, after all, just dealt with the tyranny of one King, and were not keen to replace him with another (Davidson & Stoff, 1998). However, as history has proved, when states are given the power to do what they please, chaos can and will ensue, needing a strong and central hand to bring all parties to common ground. In the seemingly endless debate between the rights of individual states versus a centralized federal government holding power, there can be no doubt that a strong, centralized federal government is needed to ensure unity, continuity, and stability throughout the United States of Ameri ca. Historically, some things have caused disaster when put into the hands of the state governments. In the aftermath of the War for Independence, each state printed its own money, which caused confusion due to the fact that the money of one state was worthless or not worth the same price in another state (Davidson & Stoff, 1998). This concept was proved even years later in the nation, when states once again tried to control their own banking system. In 1836, in a fit of rage, President Andrew Jackson vetoed the measure that would have allowed the Second Bank of the United States, a relatively stable national bank, to continue operations (Brinkley, 2004). Without it, the chaos of money madness that descended upon the country was literally unparalleled, and threw the country into the Panic of 1837 (Brinkley, 2004). It is therefore best that states have given control of all matters dealing with money to the federal government, and one nationalized banking system and one form of curren cy used throughout the nation. Though it cannot be denied that such a national banking system has not solved all money woes, as was seen by the Great Depression, it is still better and preferable to finding exchange centers for money dotting state lines with their presence. Having one monetary system, under the control of one government,

Children taking on the parental role in their family how it effects Coursework

Children taking on the parental role in their family how it effects school - Coursework Example This has left children stepping into the boots of their parents and playing their role. This paper seeks to examine the effect of children assuming parental roles in their families and its effect on school. In several countries of the world; it is commonplace to meet with children who are assisting parents in their roles or worse still fending for themselves. Studies carried out in Brazil for instance indicate that there is a considerable number of children who are forced to divide their time between schooling and working at home (Hindman, 2011). This not only affects the children’s growth, it also interferes with their achievement in school. Nevertheless it should be noted that estimating the association between assumption of parental roles and schooling could be complicated since children who help out at home may perform poorly in school. Such poor performance in school could discourage the children and give their families a good reason to even neglect their schoolwork more and instead concentrate on parental roles (Ray, 1999).Deliberate parental practices can assist in teaching and inculcating responsibility to children. Research has shown that children who are taught to take care of themselves or their siblings at an early age tend to be more organized and responsible(Stamps,2014).Every child requires opportunities so as to show that they can be responsible not only for their chores, actions, relationships but also schoolwork (Stamps, 2014). Responsibility requires one to be trusted in making appropriate decisions as well as responding for one’s behaviour. This is why it is important that parents start teaching their children lessons regarding responsibility early enough and must be continued throughout the child’s childhood as well as puberty hood (Damon, 2006). An excellent way of teaching and instilling responsibility is by assignment of parental roles to children. Such tasks should be viewed as opportunities and not

Dream world Essay Example for Free

Dream world Essay A long time ago I had read a story, a story of a man and his goal to create a new world with peace. The perfection that those inked lines held were amazing, one is still in my head rings like a note of the piano-â€Å"I will create, a new world with you in it.† Reading his life story, I understood what he meant, that innocent line can bring tears into my eyes. There is a deep meaning to it. My body was shivering, I was scared. What happened? I opened my eyes slowly, with a shocked expression plastered on my round face, ocean blue eyes wide and teary, thick black eyelashes and added black eyeliner making them stand out. I had to lift up my hard, hair sprayed black fringe up since I was struggling to see. I stood there mesmerised by the sight in front of me. It was peaceful, calm; it was nature before human kind, soft light, green grass almost touching my bare ankles, it was slightly wet and cold but comforting, thin streaks tickling my bare feet as I moved around slowly. Small Daisies blooming standing out of the greenery with they’re fragile white bodies. My breath was taken away instantly when I landed my eyes on a beautiful lake; its clear water being disturbed by a tiny wind and my touch, its warm soft substance wetting my palm lightly, the sparks that hovered above the lake illuminating it; in the centre of a lake a reflection of the moon but not just any moon†¦ the red moon. A round the edges the lake reflected like a mirror- cherry blossom trees at the full bloom and the perfect sweet sense that surrounded the atmosphere its silky pink leafs scattering around the place like a soft pink blanket, the trees’ hard textured bark covering soft wood that is inside. The Cherry trees surrounding the lake like hiding it in protective manner which made me wonder in an awe. Just a few steps away from the stunning lake there was a hill, hard grey rocks surrounding it, the once soft light green grass fading away as you go further up, every step I took the grass becoming rougher and darker until no more was left†¦ only hard stoned ending. Standing on the end I could see everything that I had not seen yet so far, I felt so free, so careless, it was supernatural in a way, as far as my sight could pick up from the magical lake and the porcelain cherry blossom trees to dark never ending woods. It was night, above me stars that sparkled like little children’s eyes for first time in the candy shop. The world was asleep; it was finally at peace†¦ His world now seems just a dream but at that time, that time of shinobi it was different, it was achievable. He lived his life trying, making it possible but unfortunately his time had come, to leave everything behind in those words. Right now I hope he is in that world resting in peace. Sometimes when I think about it hard enough, I could smell the cherry blossom trees, I could feel the warm wind brushing my skin. If I believe hard enough! I could find myself starring into the dark horizon, the red moon hovering above me and the pastel pink leafs in-between my fingers just going over the soft texture. If I know it, I will be free at last.

Morality of Premarital Sex by Religiosity and Generation Essay

Morality of Premarital Sex by Religiosity and Generation Abstract Premarital sex is an issue that most teenagers and young couples face as they enter new phases of their relationship. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a correlation between acceptance of sexual relations before marriage and religiosity or generation. This study is a cross-sectional, secondary analysis of the variables PREMARSX, RELPERSN, and COHORT (which was recoded into three generation categories), which were extracted from the 1998 General Social Survey (GSS). Data analysis of the three variables was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 10.0, applying Pearson's chi-square as the test of statistical significance and Cramer's V as the measure of association. The results of this study indicate that very religious people are more inclined to view premarital sexual relations as always wrong. When compared to the three generation categories, no significant correlation existed. Introduction Most couples have asked themselves whether or not sex is the next step in their relationship. It enters into both teenage and adult relationships, creating pressure for teenagers to be considered cool by peers and pressure for adults to make a commitment. For some, sex is the basis of the relationship; for others, it is not even an issue until marriage vows are proclaimed. One may conclude that people's views of premarital relations stem from their parents' teachings, from their siblings' influences, from their peer or social groups, from their religious background, or from the era in which they were raised. (â€Å"Teenage Sex, Friends and Family,† 1994, p51) As sexually... ...-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Not Wrong At All 51.69 45.20 42.62 47.48 52.17 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- n= 89 427 61 139 69 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chi-Square = 12.30, df = 12, p>.05; Cramer's V = .077 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We can observe from the table above that there is no relationship between PREMARSX and DEGREE. The chi-square value is 12.30 and is not significant at the .05 level. The Cramer's V indicates that there is a negligible association between the variables with a value of .077.

Policy of Medicare System Essay

With the evolution of new drug-resistant strains of maladies in the contemporary period, scientists are now going back to nature in pursuit of pristine defenses. Says Dr. Robert Nash, research director of Molecular Nature in the United Kingdom, â€Å"Dandelions, sea pinks, nettles, even bluebells were used to treat diseases. There is a good reason for going back to see if there was anything behind these traditional uses† (Amundsen 132).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In our backyard, there is a bed of bluebells and never had it dawned on me that bluebells prove to have anti-virus and anti-cancer properties. That they were used in the 13th century against leprosy (Amundsen 155). Not that I would really want to prepare for any possible leprosy case that may stem at home; but the thought of having nifty bluebells in the garden can give comfort on good health and brainy ancestors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the library, the books speak of one thing about healthcare; that it is the management of the resources of healing. Darrel Amundsen, in his book Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds, pointed up the wonder of natural medicines and traditional medicine. Stanley Reiser tells us of how medical care evolved from technological point of view. Dorothy Porter’s Social Medicine and Medical Sociology in the Twentieth Century talks about where the health care industry has drifted through different eras. It has had a major impact on how people perceive health on the whole. From the unborn and mothers to all the phases of childhood to the youth and the adults to the older people, health care has been in packages essential at various stages of the human being. Additionally, the practitioners have done a lot of education, investing awe-inspiring sum of finances and effort in educating the public. Professional patronizing and obscure terminology will give way to cooperative educational approaches, and client-oriented rehabilitation. This approach is estimated to provide the most appropriate package of health services suited to ensure a healthy well-being of all age groups. In every industrialized country, excluding the United States (U.S.), the provision of health care has become the financial responsibility of the state over the past 100 years. Taxes on both employers and workers and general tax revenues financed the health care insurance system. This was the procedure in Western Europe and Great Britain (Warner 360-368).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The exception of the U.S. can be credited to the native value the Americans placed on self-help and repulsion against dependency. After 80 years of anxiety, the federal government of the U.S. has accepted the system but with some degree of responsibility. When the medical care program was introduced to them, it has become a complex mix of public and private payments. The extent covered the maldistribution of resources and disproportions of access (Porter 9). Nevertheless, across the surveys, the U.S. health care system becomes the country’s largest employer. Approximately, 597,000 are physicians, 137,000 are dentists, 1.8 million are nurses, and nine million are field workers (Warner 356).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Administering the federal health care activities was charged to the Department of Health and Human Services. Health insurance comprises all forms of insurance against financial loss resulting from injury or illness. The most common health insurance coverage is for hospital care, including the physician services in the hospital. Major medical policies protect the insured against calamitous charges, paying a sum of that ranges from $10,000 to $1,000,000, after the policyholder has paid a preliminary deductible amount (Warner 371). Patients usually have out-of-pocket expenses since doctors’ charges are not entirely covered by the insurance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Overheads for healthcare services in the U.S. alone have been mounting sharply for about over a decade. Insurance coverage is potholed. Coverage for home care of the chronically ill is nigh on absent. A fixed sum is paid for a service except for hospital insurance. More often than not, this payment must be supplemented by the patient (Warner 358).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Problems also arose in the aspect of recruitment and distribution of physicians. About one-fourth of U.S. physicians were engaged in primary patient care. That included obstetrics, internal medicine, pediatrics, and family medicine. In the slums of big cities, physicians are sparse but profuse in the more affluent sub-urban areas (Porter 12). One of the more daunting areas of health care is the prohibitive cost of medicines. At present, there is no governing body that regulates the price of medicine. This means that the manufacturers dictate the prices. With this discretion, expectedly the prices could be set as high as excusably possible. To ornament with justice, their marketing strategy has spawned the mentality that â€Å"branded is better.† Came the managed healthcare system. The genesis of contemporaneous managed care can be trailed to the prepaid plans providing healthcare to rural, shipbuilding and construction workers in the U.S. in the 1920s and 1930s. Managed healthcare have likewise existed in ancient China when doctors were supposedly paid only while they kept their patients healthy. Although many of the procedures used by managed healthcare to regulate expenditures have existed in African countries for a time, it was only since the latter part of the 20th century that the concept of managed care has been both in full swing in an effort to provide Africa with low-priced quality healthcare and denigrated by others (Porter 10-11). But in the U.S., managed healthcare was only firmly established when briskly swelling healthcare costs in the 1970’s and 80’s led to the passing of legislation providing for the establishment of Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) (Warner 370).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HMOs and the government has since then been on the lookout for effective alternatives. The government and the private sector all face the problem of financing the uncontrolled inflation of cost in the medical care program. Others blame it on the growing numbers of people who seek care. Some on the greater use of laboratory costs and of specialists in diagnosis and treatment (Reiser 16). Needless to say, the synergistic force of the sectors wanted programs that were cheap but were at least, effective.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hospitals were responding to increasing cost demands. They attempted to introduce more competent management schemes. Proprietary hospitals have found greater earnings in chain operations. Other efforts to slash costs included hiring less-expensive professional workers, like nurses and paramedics, in the hope of getting basic care to patients at a lower fee (Porter 10). The health care system has indeed been an entrepreneurial idea. However, paradox has it that in due time, antibiotics, vaccines, and other vital medicines will be short of availability at least, among the 5.6 billion people, according to the World Health Organization (Porter 18). Scarcity of producers of medicines has nothing to do with it. Maldistribution and capitalistic exploitation will make the medicines inaccessible to the poor. Over 40 million Americans have some form of heart or blood vessel disease, and the combined costs of treatment and lost income exceed 50 billion dollars annually. About 4 million people, 10 percent of those with cardiovascular diseases, have coronary artery disease. Because of these findings, the Framingham Study considers cardiovascular disease as one of the leading epidemiological diseases in the country. A more distressing fact rings throughout the Third World countries whose healthcare programs are financed by their governments on less than 1 percent cut from the gross domestic product (Porter 15-16). At this reality, whose son or daughter will not be underfed? Every major city had slum areas that housed the poor and unemployed, and declining farm incomes created rural poverty. Amid the growth and confidence of the postwar years, United States leaders initiated programs of aid to help people at home and abroad improve their way of life. Programs of domestic aid included funds for education, medical care for the poor, and urban renewal programs. International air programs begun soon after the war sought to help United States maintain economic and political stability (Fusfeld and Bates, 1984). Poverty-stricken people suffer from the lack of many things they need. For example, they are less likely to receive adequate medical care or to eat the foods they need to stay healthy. The poor have more diseases, become more seriously ill, and die at a younger age than other people do. Poor people often live in substandard housing in socially isolated areas where most of their neighbors are poor. Many low-income families live in crowded, run-down buildings with inadequate heat and plumbing. The jobs most readily available to the poor provide low wages and little opportunity for advancement. Many of these jobs also involve dangerous or unhealthful working conditions. Financial, medical, and emotional problems often strain family ties among the poverty-stricken. Furthermore, the healthcare system of countryside Americans is dense. For instance, Indians are lacking relative to their urban equivalents in many important ways that shape their health: they are unduly economically inferior, proportionately lesser are of working age, and they have not fulfilled as much of education. Topographical access is of principal interest in several rural states. Indians who reside in remote areas, comparatively far from urban areas or centers, sometimes find it hard to get in touch with healthcare personnel or services. In respect of urban inhabitants, rural dwellers have to trek farther to care and tackle other problems such as mediocre road and rail network, and short of public transportation. These problems are distinguished yet their resolution escapes the labors of the U.S. Legislature, and local governments. Culture is another driving factor, including influential customs (Nabokov). The Indians’ unfavorable health behaviors, employment of folk medication, the impact of traditional religion on healthcare, and estrangement from countrywide society all play a part to the way they care for their health. To make the decisions centralized, World Medical Association was founded as an organization of several of the world’s national medical associations. Instituted in 1947, this medical society has embraced an international code of medical ethics and many other ethical pronouncements. The center of operations is in Ferney-Voltaire, France (Porter, 2000). One of the pivotal epidemiological methodologies for an improved healthcare provision is an informed public. If the individual does not understand what he or she must do to preserve health and reduce his or her risk of a probable epidemiological disease, if he or she does not recognize when he or she needs outside help, and if he or she or members of his family are not prepared to take the appropriate steps to obtain this help, then all of the world’s medical knowledge will be of little value. The educational process that would prepare an individual to help preserve his or her own health and reduce his or her epidemiological risk should ideally begin in his or her youth when lifelong patterns are being formed, and continue throughout his or her adult life. A hospital management’s role is twofold: helping to build good health habits in the young, and serving as agents in adult health habits through public information and education programs designed to teach preservation of health and raise the general health consciousness of the people. The practicing physician, emergency medical services, the clinic or neighborhood health center, the hospital as a whole stand to be prepared in implementing medical line of defense. Even at times the nonmedical person who is on the scene when an acute emergency occurs are relied on. In order to be effective, the hospital carrying out the epidemiological measures, together with these individuals and services, are obliged and expected not only to be capable of providing healthcare, but must be prepared to do so in a manner that is acceptable and accessible to, and understood by, the public. The epidemiological measures of a hospital in this area shall also address such things as professional education, healthcare standards, and public information regarding access to care and services. Another approach is that which serves as the underpinning of the rest of the strategies and plans; it is the biomedical research to identify such epidemiological factors as dietary fats, smoking, hypertension, etc., that adversely affect human health and to devise methods for preventing, diagnosing, and treating these conditions and the diseases to which they contribute. In this regard, the hospital has a unique role to play, in that while they cannot the huge sums needed for large-scale clinical trials or epidemiological studies, they claim to have an excellent mechanism for supporting young investigators who are juts beginning their research careers, helping them gain the experience and results necessary to compete for larger grants in the national and international arenas. The emphasis is practically placed on the support of quality research projects having high merit ratings. To adequately develop such improved measures by Medicare, it should have the hospital require a programmed effort that first takes into consideration the fact that the hospital cannot be all things to all people. It may have quite limited resources in terms of money, volunteers, and staff in other departments, and the need for each of these resources may always seem to exceed the supply. Since there are numerous programs and activities that are capable of improving health of the patients to some degree, hard choices must be made regarding the disposition of these resources. This implies priority setting, which is made more efficient by the establishment and implementation of a hospital-wide, goal-oriented, long-range planning process. Such a process helps the hospital focus its epidemiological measures on high yield, cost-effective projects that either help prevent the healthcare provision, or provide ongoing relief and control, yielding the highest return on time and money invested. All in all, medical institution evolved across time to deal with problems of health and disease using epidemiological measures that are based on mortality, morbidity, disability, and quality. More specifically, medical institution was perceived performing a number of key functions in modern societies. First, it treats and seeks to cure disease. Second, the medical institution attempts to prevent disease through maintenance programs, including vaccination, health education, periodic checkups, and public health and safety standards (administrative medicine). Third, it undertakes research in the prevention, treatment, and cure of health problems (preventive medicine). And fourth, it serves as an agency of social control by defining some behaviors as normal and healthy and others as deviant and unhealthy. Although health care can take its roots back when one of the greatest achievements of civilization was the naissance of medicine, real health comes from within. The quality of life of an individual is governed by the swelling bearing of his positive personal health-seeking activities and behaviors. And with the help of heath care, tomorrow’s health centers will fill out today’s precision diagnostic services with equally scientific self-care and wellness programs. Future healthcare will increasingly concede to the empowerment of the individual. Perhaps the way healthcare began more than two thousand years back differs from the way it will continue in the next two thousand years or so. The gods may still have a role but not for the folks to plead to for kinder nature. A common Supreme Being might then take the place of them and be prayed to in exchange for a kinder world. If in the past, the causes of illnesses may have been shared between man and nature, from this time forth, diseases would be brought about by the caustic arms of industrialization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whose healthcare would not be needed most in the midst of volatile worldwide climate and industrial population? Typhoons come and leave natural borne diseases. McDonald’s open their stores and send resentful stomachs to the healthcare clinics. Who would not consequently draw a smart plot from the commercial appeal of healthcare? For healthcare, this means an upsurge in affliction as well as a digression of resources away from healthcare toward reform. The pandemonium disrupts food supplies, infectious diseases multiply, and alarm triggers stress-induced illnesses. The beginnings of medical care may have been deemed mad and laughable. Then again, its inheritance, with the help of worsened worldwide scenarios, is rendering the underprivileged mad and the moneyed having the last laugh. References Amundsen, Darrel W. (1996). â€Å"Medicine and faith in early Christianity.† Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Chambers, Donald and Kenneth Wedel. Social Policy and Social Programs: A Method for the Practical Public Policy Analyst, 4th edition. Pearson Publishing. Fusfeld, Daniel R., and Timothy Bates. (1984). The Political Economy of the Urban Ghetto. Southern Illinois University Press. McDaniel, W. B. (1959). â€Å"A view of 19th century medical historiography in the United States of America.† The History of Medicine. Nabokov, Peter. Native American Testimony: A Chronicle Of Indian-White Relations From Prophesy To The Present (1492-1992). Penguin Publishing. Porter, Dorothy E. (1975). Social Medicine and Medical Sociology in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Reiser, Stanley J. (1984). â€Å"The machine at the bedside: Technological transformations of practices and values.† The Machine at the Bedside: Strategies for Using Technology in Patient Care. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Warner, Martin S. (1985). Medical Practice and Health Care During the Revolutionary War and Early National Periods. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Lifespan Perspective Paper

Lifespan Perspective Paper Introduction This paper will discuss lifespan development and the theories associated with the study. Humans develop according to phases throughout their lives and this paper will address these phases and what to expect and when. People learn from mistakes made in the past and apply these lessons in order to improve their quality of life. The psychodynamic and evolutionary theories will be examined in detail. Also, the significant role of nature and nurture will be addressed.Lifespan Perspective of Development Lifespan development describes the growth that happens from the time an organism is conceived to the time of its death. A human undergoes a variety of changes throughout their lifetime: psychologically, physiologically, spiritually, and socially changes all occur. A mere fetus develops heart beat at around six weeks and from that point on, develops quickly over the remainder of the pregnancy. Each step in life people develop, little by little.Lifespan development provides us with the information necessary to understand the different phases of human life and with this information we are able to better understand what to expect from each phase (Berk, 2012). For example, children often fear the dark and require a night light to sleep, but overtime, this insignificant fear becomes less and less of a concern and eventually most children are able to sleep just fine without a night light. When a child realizes there is nothing to be afraid of, like there are not any monsters under the bed, he or she is able to sleep without the security of a night light.Understanding lifespan development is crucial and allows us to grasp the phases of life. And also, understand children and their needs for security and comfort. Young children often relay on the comfort of a pacifier or a blanket to calm them down or make them feel safe. Parents are able to understand their children and their needs with the help of lifespan development studies and thus, parents feel like they are able to be better mothers and fathers. There are four recognized phases of human lifespan. One, childhood and adolescence; two, early adulthood; three, middle adulthood; four, late adulthood.Natural progressions are expected to occur as a person ages. The study of lifespan development is important because it explains how and why people develop and what reasonable expectations should apply during this process (Berger, 2008). Lifespan Development at Work The study of lifespan development is significant factor in understanding the subject and provides people with many answers and has the ability of preventing people from repeating past mistakes. Over the years humans have monitored history and have used their research to prevent making similar decisions of the past that did not work out like they were intended to (Carson, 2000).For example, sunscreen is used to protect our skin from harmful UVA and UVB rays and ultimately, decrease the possibilities of skin cancer. Before the importance and knowledge of sunscreen was available people did not know the true dangers the sun presented and mostly did not protect their skin accordingly. As a result, many people who spent a lot of time outdoors in the 1970’s and 1980’s had a significantly increased rate of skin cancer. Many of these skin cancer victims did not know the dangers the sun presented and how wearing sunscreen could have decreased their risk.If this knowledge was readily available at the time it is almost guaranteed that a large percentage of these people who have worn sunscreen and possibly eliminate their chances of skin cancer all together. Now the threats of sun damage are widely known and discussed and there are a variety of sunscreen-type products on the market for consumers (Berk, 2012). People have learned from past mistakes that the sun does present dangers and can be harmful to our skin so it is important to wear sunscreen and take other appropriate precautio ns.Lifespan development is purposed partially on extending the life of man and as a part of that jaunting task, survival is required. Humans learn from mistakes that have been made in the past, as a part of their challenge to survive. Skin cancer kills some of its victims and therefore, the knowledge that skin cancer presents is crucial and allows people to take the appropriate measures to cut down their risks. This is one simple example of how people learn from history and use inventive ways to improve the future with the information acquired (Carson, 2000).Theories of Lifespan Development: Psychodynamic Behavioral, cognitive, contextual, evolutionary, humanistic, and psychodynamic are the six widely accepted theories pertaining to lifespan development psychology (Berger, 2008). Both Eric Erickson and Sigmund Freud did expansive studies on the psychodynamic theory. In Freud’s studies he focused on the inner being of a person and the unconscious forces that create personality and behavioral traits. His beliefs are that events, like memories and feelings that occur inside of us help motivate our personality and the way in which we behave.Memories are usually positive or negative and conflicts arise from negative memories and thus, creating a feeling that something should not be repeated in order to avoid a negative outcome. The psychodynamic theory focuses on three aspects of human personality: ego, superego, and id. Along with personality, this theory focuses on psychosexual development as well (Carson, 2000). Theories of Lifespan Development: Evolutionary The Evolutionary Theory of lifespan development is another interesting take on the study originally theorized by Charles Darwin and Konrad Lorenz.This theory focuses on evolution and how it specifically relates to human lifespan development. Over the years, a process of natural selection takes place and as a result humans adapt to their environments. Traits are acquired and sometimes altered by specie s in order to thrive. Darwin and Lorenz focus on how heredity influences development and how behavior is a result of our genetic inheritance. Studies that are connected with this theory show a relationship between family members and certain diseases and illnesses (Berk, 2012). For example, mental illness often runs in family histories and can be tracked through heredity.Heredity and the Environment Nurture versus nature is a discussion commonly associated with lifespan development. Environmental factors play a role in how a person develops, but heredity is passed down through a process of inheritance. A child may be born into a poverty-stricken home and raised to live in fear. A socioeconomic situation like this can lead to a life of crime in order to make ends meet. This environment has significant affects on the development of a person, but environments can be changed, if a person is willing to take the necessary steps.Now if a child is born into a family with a history of mental illness the child has a chance of developing a related illness (Berger, 2008). For example, if the child’s mother has schizophrenia and the child demonstrates symptoms of the disease at an early age and eventually is diagnosed with the disease, this is an act of nature. It is possible to earn a degree, get a better job, and move up to a middle class area, but it is not possible to undo heredity and no longer be schizophrenic. Nature and nurture both play a significant role in lifespan development and have equal importance in the lives of people (Carson, 2000).Conclusion In conclusion, lifespan development describes the growth that happens from the time an organism is conceived to the time of its death. Throughout these years, people develop in phases that can be observed as a result of the study of lifespan development (Berger, 2008). Human beings have learned about the different phases of development and have discovered new ways to do things to guarantee a higher quality of life. Watching history and mistakes that were made in the past are one of the ways the human species thrives and is able to withstand the test of time (Carson, 2000).The psychodynamic and evolutionary theories explain specific thoughts associated with lifespan development (Berk, 2012). Nature versus nurture is controversial debate that can be seen all throughout the study of psychology and many characteristics humans develop References: Berger, K. S. (2008). The developing person through the life span (7th ed. ). New York, NY: Worth  Ã‚   Publishers. Berk, L. E. (2012). Infants and children: Prenatal through middle childhood (7 ed. ). Allyn & Bacon. Carson, R. C. (2000). Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life. Retrieved June 25, 2012, from,http://www. abacon. com, p85.

The Florida Everglades a Wetlands Ecosystem Essays

The Florida Everglades a Wetlands Ecosystem Essays The Florida Everglades a Wetlands Ecosystem Paper The Florida Everglades a Wetlands Ecosystem Paper All Of the wildlife in the Everglades is totally dependent on the cycling Of water. One example of this dependence is the feeding relationship between the snail kite (an endangered bird species), and the apple snail (a freshwater mollusk the size of a golf ball) (Taller). The apple snails reproduce during the rainy season. When water levels are at their highest, they lay thousands of tiny pink eggs on the stalks of marsh grasses. As the water recedes, the snail kites fly all over the Everglades looking for them. Once they find them, they swoop down and use their specialized beaks to pluck the tender snails from heir shells. The water cycle and the lives of apple snails and snail kites are intertwined. Snail kites depend on the successful reproduction of apple snails, which is, in turn, affected by the amount of rainfall. Only recently have scientists been able to observe how close this relationship is. When humans drained large areas of the Everglades and converted them to agricultural lands, the population of apple snails decreased sharply. This had a dramatic effect on the snail kite population. In 2003, only 1 600 snail kites remained in Florida, the birds only U. S. Habitat (Smith). The relationship among humans, nail kites, and apple snails illustrates the delicate balance of nature in an ecosystem. When humans alter the water cycle, they directly affect the food chain. Alligators are animals that often come to mind when people think of the Everglades. The American alligator, once a highly endangered reptile, plays a critical role in the Everglades ecosystem, especially during the dry season (Alligator Holes). As winter approaches, water levels begin to drop. Alligators, which need an ample supply of water to survive, sense the changing of the season and begin to prepare for the dry months ahead. Using their powerful snouts, tails, and legs, they make comfortable dens for themselves by slashing small plants, and muck out of the marsh. As it thrashes its body from side to side, it creates a small hole filled with water. Plant matter and mud piled up around the edges of the hole create dry ground on which other plants eventually grow. After many years, grass, trees, and other plants surround these gator holes like fences. Gator holes are important to other species as well. As the water becomes scarce during the dry season, many animals search for food and remaining pockets of water. The gator holes attract crayfish, frogs, turtles, fish, and other aquatic species, all seeking refuge in the deeper waters of the gator holes. Muskrats, otters, deer, and raccoons, as well as a wide variety of beautiful birds, such as ibises, egrets, and herons, visit these sanctuaries to feed on the small animals that can be found there. Because alligators and the watery hollows they make play such an important role in the Everglades ecosystem, they are considered to be a keystone species since many other species depend upon them for their survival. This has earned them the nickname keepers of the glades. Due to constantly changing water levels, ecosystems like the Everglades can be very unpredictable places. Since the 1 8005, people have tried to control the Everglades to prevent flooding (Blake). Large canals were built to send the water into the ocean and away from the Everglades. The land along the canals dried up and became more useful to people. Before so much Of the Everglades was drained, most of its water came from Lake Cheekbone, which sometimes overflowed along its southern edge. With an annual rainfall of nearly 60 inches (Everglades) and the overflow from the lake, a large area f the Everglades used to be wet for most of the year. But the lake was a source of major flooding to towns, especially during the rainy season. In the 1 sass, other flood control projects were started, including the construction of a dike along Lake Cheekbones southern rim. Because the water no longer overflowed from the lake; farmers and ranchers now had more dry land on which to live and work. More projects followed in the asses and asses. Today, about half of the original Everglades has been drained to create dry land for towns and farms and much of the region is crisscrossed by an elaborate system of canals, dikes, and levees. Blake) Water control efforts have benefited the residents of south Arid, but now nature no longer controls the flow of water into the Everglades; as a result, the natural balance of the ecosystem has been damaged. The draining of the Everglades has harmed many animals that depend on water for reproduction, such as snails, fish, and frogs. Because these creatures are at the bottom of many Everglades food chains, their diminishing numbers have had a rippling effect throughout the entire community. Like the snail kite, other bird species C such as the ibis, heron, and the endangered wood stork CO have suffered. In fact, scientists have estimated that some bird populations have dropped about 90 percent (Birds) over the past fifty years because of the low water levels. Now scientists are encouraging us to realize that a great number of plants and animals must survive to help maintain this delicate environment. Because the canals and dikes have helped to dry up the land, part of the original Everglades has become a rich agricultural area. Yet, productivity within this marsh has had a negative effect on its wildlife. In the asses and asses, bald eagles and pelicans in the Everglades were among the many birds heartened with extinction by the chemical EDT. (Scott) Farmers sprayed EDT on their crops to control insects. They didnt realize that from heavy rains was washing the poisonous chemical into the Everglades. Scientists discovered that EDT caused the shells of birds eggs to thin, resulting in the death of many young birds before hatching. The U. S. Government finally banned the use of EDT in 1972. Agricultural runoff disrupts the Everglades ecosystem in other ways too. Fertilizers, which contain plant nutrients, are washed from the sugarcane plantations a few miles north. These fertilizers cause an excessive growth Of algae. The algae can form large mats called algal blooms, which float on the surface of the water and results in transportation. The effects of transportation can be seen as far south as Florida Bay. As the algae die and decompose, they use up large amounts of oxygen in the water, which causes fish, crabs, shrimp, insects, and other aquatic species to suffocate in the oxygen-depleted water. With the drier conditions created by flood-control, brush fires began to sweep through the Everglades in the 1 sass and asses. These devastating blazes led environmentalists to pressure the government to establish the Everglades National park. (Park Establishment) Today, visitors can experience Florists diverse, rare, and beautiful wildlife in the Everglades National Park. Located in the southwestern portion of the marsh, this is one of the largest national parks in the United States. Each year, millions of tourists come to see the huge array of tropical wildlife, which includes nearly six hundred different types of animals, such as alligators, crocodiles, pelicans, snakes, and a multitude of insect species. The Everglades is the largest freshwater wetlands in the continental United States and one of the worlds great biological treasures. It is home to many species of endangered plants and animals. But it is also an ecosystem in trouble. Over the past century, about half of the original Everglades has been drained, filled, and converted for farmland and other development. Much of the nutrient-filled water that once flowed naturally through the Everglades has been artificially diverted to sugarcane plantations. As a result, the entire ecosystem has suffered. Damaged wetlands cannot provide suitable habitat for the plants and animals that depend on it for survival. In 1 983, the state of Florida, along with several environmental groups, munched the Save Our Everglades campaign to start looking at ways to preserve the troubled wetlands. The project had one clear goal: to make the Everglades look and function more like it did in 1900 than it did in 1983. Throughout the 1 sass, scientists worked on this plan. In 1 994, the Arid state legislature passed the Everglades Forever Act (Longboat), which authorized the Everglades Construction Project the largest effort ever attempted to restore an ecosystem. One of the projects in the Everglades restoration effort is the construction of 40,000 acres of artificial marshes (Diabetes). These marshes will serve as a protective barrier between the sugarcane plantations and the rest of the Everglades ecosystem. The artificial wetlands are essentially huge ponds surrounded by dirt and filled with lots of nutrient-loving plants. Scientists hope that the plants will clean the water by catching and filtering out pesticides, fertilizers, and other farm runoff before it reaches the Everglades. The clean water will then be redirected back into the marsh. Another project is to restore the Kismet River (Restoring a River). Before people began tinkering with the Everglades, the Kismet was a 102-mile meandering river that supplies most of the water to Lake Cheekbone. In 1961, engineers straightened the Kismet River to control flooding around Lake Cheekbone and to make room for farms. Most of the water in the river was then diverted into a 55-mile straight channel, officially named the C-38 canal. Scientists expect that once the river IS returned to its original path, the habitat for more than three hundred fish and wildlife species, including the endangered wood stork and snail kite, will be restored. A total of 24 endangered or threatened plant and animal species live in the Everglades ecosystem (Threatened Endangered Species) and most of these species face extinction due to habitat loss. One large Everglades mammal that faces extinction due to habitat loss is the Florida panther, a type of cougar. Two hundred years ago, cougars roamed freely from Alaska to South America; but today, due to habitat loss, the only cougar population east of the Mississippi River is the Florida panther. Despite widespread efforts to save the panther, fewer than fifty remain in the wild (Florida Panther). This makes it one of the most endangered animals in North America. If habitat loss can be halted, biologists hope that the panther population will increase.

Irregular Past Participle Forms

Irregular Past Participle Forms Irregular Past Participle Forms Irregular Past Participle Forms By Maeve Maddox I went through elementary school in the bad old days, when teachers drilled the class on irregular verbs. For example: Teacher: go Student A: go, went, have gone Teacher: come Student B: come, came, have come Teacher: write Student C: write, wrote, have written I don’t recall when the drills began, but I’m pretty sure we didn’t do them after the sixth grade. By then, as they say, we knew the drill. From my experience I conclude that a child of eleven or twelve is capable of mastering the irregular verb forms. That’s why I don’t understand why so many grown-ups writing on the Web get them wrong. Here’s a sampling. By the way, one of these examples is from a writer of British English, and one is from the official web site of a museum in a large American city. I’ve had this post sitting around for a while. Since I’ve written it, I’ve went back and forth about posting it. A few weeks ago I started having wrist pain from playing too much basketball. Since then Ive went to many doctors and some have said its tendonitis, I want to publish my book I have wrote. Paleo-Indian people are thought to have came to Wisconsin from the west and south about 12,000 years ago. Old English had hundreds of what we now call irregular verbs, most of which have become regularized with -ed endings. For example, the old past forms of help–holp and holpen–now have the regular forms helped and helped. The process of regularization continues. For example, while many speakers still prefer to say slay, slew, (have) slain, others have begun to say slay, slayed, (have) slayed. The irregular verbs most resistant to change are the ones we use most frequently, like come and go. Because they are such high-frequency words, one can only wonder why speakers who have completed six or more years of formal education haven’t mastered their forms. Perhaps readers of forums or amateur blogs aren’t troubled by â€Å"have came† or â€Å"have began,† but readers in search of accurate information probably wouldn’t attach much confidence to anything written on the following sites, each of which presents itself as a reliable source of knowledge: Giant asteroids might have began the age of dinosaurs as well as ended it. (headline on science site) Over the last few decades humans have began to bend and break the laws of natural selection- laws that have governed life on Earth for the past four billion years.  (course offerings, university site) Working with what we have at the moment, we have began putting some of our birds together so we can open up enclosures and make them much bigger! (Australian wildlife park) Related post: Beware of the Irregular Past Participle Forms Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating Conjunctions35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionThrew and Through

Two Favorite Holiday's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Two Favorite Holiday's - Essay Example These holidays also mark important events in my own personal history and offer many exciting things for me to engage in with my family. Thanksgiving has always been, and will always be, a family holiday to me. My daughter was born the day before Thanksgiving, November 23, in 2005, and it was an event that I could not be more thankful for. Not only is Thanksgiving a celebration of things to be thankful for and spending time with family, but it also exists to me as a reminder of my daughter’s birth. The rest of my family joins in the festivities to celebrate both Thanksgiving and the birthday of my daughter. Similarly, the Fourth of July is one of my favorite holidays because I get to spend it in the company of my family and closest friends. Since we are celebrating our freedom and independence as Americans, it only makes sense that the Fourth of July should be a family event, since we can all celebrate our freedom as American citizens together. Another similarity between Thanks giving and the Fourth of July that I enjoy is the vast array of different foods. During Thanksgiving, my family serves, among many other things, turkey, dressing, and a large variety of desserts, such as chocolate and pecan pie. The food on Thanksgiving is considered special to us since we normally do not eat a lot of these foods throughout the rest of the year, and we take great care in preparing them for the holiday feast. The food enjoyed on the Fourth of July includes hamburgers and hotdogs, which are the best barbecue foods, and all of the wonderful little finger foods, like various types of chips and pretzels. While these foods are eaten more frequently during the year, they are more enjoyable when eaten during a holiday and while enjoying the perfect summer weather. One of the greatest differences between these two holidays is the weather. Thanksgiving is always so cold; there have been some years when there has been snow. The majority of the day is spent inside with my famil y where it is warm. The presence of the people I love most makes it even more cozy. Sometimes we go outside to play in the snow, even though it is never a great amount, but we are always grateful to come back in to the warmth. Meanwhile, the Fourth of July is hot, sometimes almost unbearably so. Regardless of this, most of the day is still spent outside. The nights are the best; it is warm enough to enjoy the weather, but the sun is not beating down on us to make it hard to handle. Despite the differences in weather, each holiday brings about different activities to participate in. On Thanksgiving, besides spending time with my family, I like to look through all of the shopping ads and begin making my game plans for shopping on Black Friday. I figure out where I will be shopping, what I will be buying in preparation for the Christmas holidays, and how to manage it without getting caught up in the rush of that busy Friday. On the Fourth of July, the day is enjoyed by swimming and wat ching the many available displays of fireworks. While we often go to Joe Davis Stadium, Bridgestreet, or Decatur at Point Mallard Park to watch the fireworks, we sometimes like to make our own fireworks displays at the home of close friends that live in the country. Holidays are important to people and their families. What is even more important is what someone can take from their experiences during

Teachers Collaborating to Help Students with Epilepsy Research Paper

Teachers Collaborating to Help Students with Epilepsy - Research Paper Example While this collaboration holds weight on all instances, its significance increases substantially in instances of extreme difficulty, such as presence of illnesses in students. Epilepsy: Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by repeated seizures over time. Seizures are sporadic episodes of perturbing brain activity that causes changes in attention and behavior. Defining Seizures: Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. The symptoms and affects of the seizure will depend on the area of the brain affected. The organ which is affected depends upon what part of the brain is affected. Seizures are classified into two types: Focal seizures and generalized seizures. Focal seizures start in any one area of the brain and may or may not spread across other areas of the body. Generalized seizures result from abnormal neuronal activities on both parts of the brain. Simple Focal seizures are guilty of causing unusual sensations, movements and feelings; however, they are not the cause of loss of consciousness. Complex focal seizures can be the cause of loss of consciousness and can produce dreamlike experiences or repetitive behavior. The area at which these focal seizures begin is what defines these seizures. E.g. Epilepsy of the temporal lobe originates on the temporal lobes of the brain (National Institute of Health, 2007). Generalized seizures are known to cause massive muscle spasms, loss of consciousness and falls. Generalized seizures have several subtypes. Some of the key types of generalized seizures are: Absence Seizures: Absence Seizures are characterized by symptoms that cause victims to stare into space or jerking and twitching of muscles. They are known to start during childhood or adolescence. Tonic Seizures: They cause stiffening of muscles. Clonic Seizures: This form of generalized seizures causes repeated jerking of movement on both sides of the body. Myoclonic Seizures: Myoclonic seizures cause twitches, jerks, and sporadic mu scle movements in the upper body, arms and legs. Atonic seizures: Loss of normal muscle tone which can lead to sudden drops of the head is caused by atonic seizures. Epilepsy, which is characterized by Seizures, is also divided into different types. Several syndromes of epilepsy are identified by researches; while some of them are recognized as hereditary, the causes of other syndromes are not known (Wyllie, 2007). Epileptic syndrome classification uses the terms symptomatic, idiopathic and cryptogenic. Seizures that have a known underlying cause are characterized as symptomatic. Idiopathic seizures are seizures which do not have a known cause. Cryptogenic seizures are seizures which have a suspected cause but the cause is not known for certainty (National Institute of Health, 2007). Location Related Epilepsy: This form of epilepsy consists of focal seizures. This form of epilepsy constitutes an EEG pattern, characteristic of focal electrical abnormality. The prognosis of location r elated epilepsy is very difficult and depends upon location of the brain abnormality (Engel, Pedley, & Aicardi, 2008). West’s Syndrome/ Infantile Spasms Infantile spasms fall under the symptomatic generalized epilepsy. They are found mostly in children of the age from 3 months to 3 years, associated with sudden epileptic flexor spasms and extreme risk for cognitive impairment. During the episode, the affected child may suddenly flex his limbs, flex forward at the trunk and cry. This episode is transient,

Human Resource issues at Amazon Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Human Resource issues at Amazon - Coursework Example Within the warehouses the houses a mix of 1600 full-time part-time and temporary workers. Most of the temporary workers are hired by the company before the holiday season and fired after that period. The task designed to most of the labours inside the warehouse is to pack boxes. The warehouse is located over an area of 600,000 square foot. Inside these warehouses, the workers are required to pack boxes at the rate of 240-250 boxes per hour if the size of the shipment is large and up to 500 boxes per hour are the size of the shipment is small. In comparison to other companies in the same industry, this rate is excessively high. Amazon, as it is found, sets the rates higher than can be performed by the employees. It is expected even by Amazon that people won’t be able to attain the high productivity rates for which there are paid between $9 and $14 an hour. The workers are expected to work for 10 hours a day for four days in a week. In the holiday season when the shopping spree of the customers increases Amazon recruits temporary workers who have to work for 11 hours per day for four days in a week along with the regular staffs. The overtime in the holiday period is mandatory for the workers. The workers are given a 30-minute lunch break for which they are not paid. In addition, they are given two paid breaks each of the duration of 15 minutes. During the break, every minute is counted and the workers have to take a break at the ring of the bell and have to be back at their work at the ring of another bell.