Human Resource issues at Amazon Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Human Resource issues at Amazon - Coursework Example Within the warehouses the houses a mix of 1600 full-time part-time and temporary workers. Most of the temporary workers are hired by the company before the holiday season and fired after that period. The task designed to most of the labours inside the warehouse is to pack boxes. The warehouse is located over an area of 600,000 square foot. Inside these warehouses, the workers are required to pack boxes at the rate of 240-250 boxes per hour if the size of the shipment is large and up to 500 boxes per hour are the size of the shipment is small. In comparison to other companies in the same industry, this rate is excessively high. Amazon, as it is found, sets the rates higher than can be performed by the employees. It is expected even by Amazon that people won’t be able to attain the high productivity rates for which there are paid between $9 and $14 an hour. The workers are expected to work for 10 hours a day for four days in a week. In the holiday season when the shopping spree of the customers increases Amazon recruits temporary workers who have to work for 11 hours per day for four days in a week along with the regular staffs. The overtime in the holiday period is mandatory for the workers. The workers are given a 30-minute lunch break for which they are not paid. In addition, they are given two paid breaks each of the duration of 15 minutes. During the break, every minute is counted and the workers have to take a break at the ring of the bell and have to be back at their work at the ring of another bell.

An Analysis Of The Extended Mind Philosophy Essay

An Analysis Of The Extended Mind Philosophy Essay à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Minds like ours can (without the need for any radically new techniques, technologies, or interventions) extend into the world (Clark, 2010, p. 81). Evaluate this statement with reference to the literature on extended cognition. This essay aims to study the extended mind, without any need of completely adapting new techniques, technology, or interventions the minds like ours can launch into the world (Clark, 2010). The focus of the essay will be on internal and external representation of the mind and will evaluate the statement made by Clark (2010) with reference to other literature on extended cognition. Cognitive science believes that the mind has mental representations which are similar to computer data structures and computational procedures analogous and computational algorithms. Cognitive researchers have put forward that the mind holds mental representations as rules, images, logical proposition, and concepts (Dawson 1998). According to Norman (1988, 1993) cognition is viewed as terms of knowledge in the head and knowledge in the world. According to Clark (2010) one of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is the extended mind, which refers to the concept between the mind and the environment, from the thesis of Clark and Chalmers (1998) active externalism or Hypothesis of Extended Cognition (HEC). The extended mind commences with the inquiry of where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin? in respond to the question Clark and Chalmers (1998) present an alternative view with Hypothesis of Extended cognition (HEC). This is to be distinguished from the more traditional externalism meaning from the writing of (Putnam, 1975 Burge, 1986). Clark is asking for people to visualize that individuals could rotate images of geometrical shapes on a computer screen, by the use of a neural implant in their heads or by using a rotate button in the world. Clark affirmed that the implant perspective is evidently cognitive; therefore the button perspective is as well, in spite of either if they are carried out in the head or in the world (cited in Clark 2008). For this reason, it can be argued that the mind extends into the world which was Clarks belief in technology, physical objects, chips and CD-ROMs, as external memory stores that individuals can consult as needs dictate sort of coupled systems (Clark and Chalmers 1998). According to Dartnall (2007); (Schegloff, 1992, cite Alterman, 2007), Clark and Chalmers (1998) admitted that the processes in the world might be seen as individual, truly mental states-experiences, desires, emotions, beliefs, and so on might be in the mind. Nevertheless when it is performed in the head, it should also add up as cognitive when it is carried out in the world, Dartnall (2005) affirmed that the mind leaks or loops into the world. Clark and Chalmers (1998) argued that cognitive processes extend into the world when an individual uses pen and paper to solve a problem, using language to work or to solve a problem and the use of computers. Zhang and Norman (1994) draw our attention to internal representations as being intrinsic to many cognitive tasks and not just input and stimuli to the internal mind. This means that all these researchers thesis show a supportive argument toward Clark (2010) stating that the human mind can be extended into the world. Clark and Chalmers (1998) made such arguments as cognitive states being Parity argument by the things in the environment, in which they identify a number of possible objections to this argument such as the cognitive and the conscious, portability and reliability. They demonstrate two untrue characters to support their argument that the mind can extend into the world, using the example of Otto and Inga, who were both interested in art. Inga has a normal functioning brain, while Otto suffers from Alzheimers disease. They hear about an exhibition at different times and places and they both decide to go, Otto consults his notebook, which says that the museum is on 53rd street so he went to 53rd street to the museum. Whereas Inga recalls that the museum is on 53rd street and walks to the exhibition, as a result of this case Clark and Chalmers (1998) stated that the notebook plays the same role for Otto that biological memory plays for everyone else. They concluded for this reason that som e external objects execute this duty, and that some of our cognitive processes transcend the boundaries of skin and skull (Clark 2008). The HEC has been thoroughly criticized by Adams and Aizawa (2001) defenders of brainbound or organismbound approach to cognition. Clark and Chalmers, (1998) maintain their argument by pointing out to what extreme the mind extended, if someone hardly ever takes relevant action without consulting their Filofax, for instance, their cognitive system will be like that of the notebook in Ottos. Nevertheless if the individual frequently acted without consulting themselves, for example if the individual sometimes answers important questions with I do not know then the information in it counts less as part of individual belief system. Also if someone is relying on the internet is likely to fail on multiple counts, unless the individual is unusually computer reliant, facile with the technology, and trusting, but information on certain files on the individual computer may qualify (cited in Clark 2008). Dartnall, (2005) who argues for internalism and its epistemological implication that an individual can execute actions mentally that someone could typically carry out in the world. These are naturally achieved on inner analogues of external substance, which means that there is a leakage in both ways such as from world to mind, from mind to world. This parity argument has epistemological inference; if the individual can make an empirical discovery in the world using a procedure, then that procedure will also lead to empirical discovery when carried out in the head. For instance if a person walks into a room and sees a partially completed jigsaw puzzle on the table, looks at the puzzle and leaves the room. The person then mentally rotates one of the pieces and discovers where it fits into the puzzle. They have discovered something new, where the piece fits in the jigsaw puzzle, but how has the person done this? Not by straightforward empirical discovery, they did not have the direct en try to the puzzle when they solved it, or if they might have remember it when they walk into the room, because they did not know where it fitted when they were in the room and Shepard Metzler, (1971) also in support of this work also is consistent with Clark (2010) statement. A number of studies have highlighted that our mind extends into the world in support of Clark and Chalmers (1998); Clark (2010); Kosslyn (2006); Zhang and Patel (2006), (Baddeley, 1986; Smith and Jonides, 1997) (cited in Kosslyn 2006). In addition, Kosslyn argues that you are not restricted to whats in your head, but also includes things around you, including other people. Consequently, the self becomes distributed over other people who function as long term social prosthetic devices, cited in (Kosslyn 2006). Rupert (2004) developed a methodology for the hypothesis of extended cognition (HEC) which he called hypothesis of embedded cognition (HEMC), they are two divergent holds on cognitive scheme and their composition and their position in cognitive processing. HEC could more or less correspond to the viewpoint implemented by Clark (2008) those cognitive processes factually extends into the environment, while the traditional HEMC persists that cognitive organism is bound. According to the HEMC rely on cognitive processes, instead of being constituted by the external mechanism and strategy for cognition to happen without the external element being a factual part of the cognitive process. Rupert (2010) opposes Clark (2010), but does not fully reject the HEC. Thus, the HEMC has further empirical support and descriptive worth than HEC (cited in Dahlback, Stjernberg, Kristansson and Skagerlund, 2010). A recent study by Dahlback et al (2010), reviews the hypothesis of the extended mind and in order for them to support Clark and Chalmers (1998), they conducted an empirical study. They developed a definition of what cognitive processes are and how to examine cognitive systems, for instance how external memory support is actually used in elderly peoples everyday life. The participants were four elderly people with mild memory impairments and were diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, and some with a form of dementia. It was observe that one of the women kept the disposed plastic envelopes for the medicine she used and clipped it on her kitchen table. The woman stated that the envelope is a way of reminding her that a home healthcare practitioner as visited her as she will not remember. Dahlback, et al. (2010), pointed out that the plastic envelop is part of the womans memory system from an active internal process, since an already existing material artefact is put to use to improve her m emory, because they is no need to create a material artefact to improve the womans internal function any more. While Clark and Chalmers state that the mind can extend into the world through active externalism, that if process counts as cognitive when carried out in the head, then it could be also counted as cognitive when someone uses object as external memory via a notebook. Bs note were on the inside of her door, for her not to open the door for strangers, just like Otto, but Otto carries her own every were she goes. C uses a shopping list, because she forgets things all the time, while F has an appointment at podiatrist, which she has written and posted on her fridge, she then rewrites the note and the information has been mixed up. Dahlback, et al. (2010), Clark and Chalmers (1998), the imagination of Otto is not as straightforward as they may think in real life. Hence external memory support in this context is of question on how information finds its way into the external memory with participant Fs memory support functions. Dahlback et al (2010) concluded that extended mind hypothesis of Clark and Chalmers had been argued in isolation, for instance the hypothesis was not looked at in a wider theoretical framework surrounding all variety of cognition. In addition, the empirical debate has been slight be being limited to a few paradigms. Consequently, they supported Clark and Chalmers, but proposed alternative theoretical framework that Activity Theory could be used to illuminate some problems brought up in the debate. Activity Theory cognition is first and foremost organism centered and biologically evident in examples alternative from Clark and Chalmers, (1998). Hutchins (1995) argued that cognition is culturally and socially processed. The Activity Theory which is derived from Vygotskys (1978) cultural historical psychology, that the human mind is essentially associated to the interaction linked to the world and the human being. According to the Activity Theory, culture may not only be external which might have power over the human mind, instead is an underlying producing power that is an element of the extraordinarily manufacture of the mind. This finding is consistent with Clarks (2010) thesis, even though they have a different idea. Vygotsky (1978) is also debated Clark and Chalmers (1998) thesis, stating that the human mind is social in nature; that people are shaped by their language, how they are construed and by their culture as well, also that human beings live in a social and communal w orld. Although they has been critics such as Adams and Aizawa (2001) claiming that there might be a crucial difference between a real extended cognitive process where some external artifact in the world is element of an actual cognitive process and process that permit some process. They ask Clark a question: Why did the pencil think that 2 + 2 =4? And Clark answered because it was coupled with a mathematician. According to Adams and Aizawa (2010) in respond to Clarks answer they stated that, there were problems with Clarks extended mind hypothesis. They stated that Clark had no right explanation of the cognitive and the coupling constitution fallacy, so they made a theory mark of the cognitive, which may well prove that cognitive processes in fact are extended. Adams and Aizawa (2001) illustrated some artifact pencil and paper, in which they explain when using pen and paper and at the same time as carry out arithmetic which is rather difficult, the individual may not be able to work out the problem when using just their head and that the person needs to pass information onto the paper. They state that the paper and pen merely permitted a little cognitive process or else may be unattainable. While Menary (2010) feels that the mark of the cognitive is too limited. Adams and Aizawa (2010) propose an explanatory work, that cognition is constituted through underlying processes that involve non-derived content. They offer this in two ways, chemistry, and physics and by psychological laws. They stated that particular psychophysical laws, like Webers law, and psychological laws central memory formation and recall. Consequently they projected that the weight of empirical evidence supports the view that, since an object is of conditional empirical fact, that there are some processes that are identifiable cognitive, which happened in the brain and cannot cross from the brain into the external world. Clark (2010) argued that Adams and Aizawas (2010) argument is not strong enough, mark of the cognition, that cognition should be noticed not by its causes, but by its effects, which means Clark is arguing for a different cognition science which is the coupling constitution fallacy. Nevertheless Adams and Aizawa (2010) believe that Clark cannot come understand the view they had that cognition is a fundamental processing concerning non-derived content. As a result their work did not provoke Clark to address the problem of the most widespread problems with extracranial and transcranial theories of tool use. According to them, Clark did not offer a response to the coupling constitution fallacy and he gives a hint at what he thinks distinguishes the cognitive from the non cognitive. In conclusion this essay has given an account of and the reasons for the widespread extended mind debate and the statement made by (Clark 2010, p. 18) that minds like ours can (without the need for any radically new techniques, technologies, or interventions) extend into the world. It is possible to state that external representation has shown an option to the classical thesis of Clark (2010) view of all cognition taking place in the head. In addition, how it can be practical to be of assistance in real-world problem solving and arrangement of tasks, hence it provides insight into the association between human internal and external worlds and the nature of the mind itself. Furthermore other researches such as Clark, 2003, Clark and Chalmers, 1998, Dennett, 1996, Donald, 1991, Hutchins 1995 (cited in Dartnall, 2005) state that, cognitive processes extend into the world when individuals use pen and paper to work something out or the use of a computer. These findings suggest that the statement made by Clark with reference to other literature on extended cognition has brought new areas to be looked into like the need of technologies. Finally, a number of important limitations need to be considered, first Adams and Aizawa (2010) (cited in Clark 2008) which were the ones who attempted to argue what was wrong with the extended mind hypothesis and Clark stated that they fall short to successfully undermine the argument for the extended mind, because it seems that everyone agreed with Clark, but also bring alternative explanations. However, Adams and Aizawa (2010) argued that Clark was not able to address their theory of the mark of the cognitive, on the other hand Clark and Chalmers attempt to tackle the pervasive coupling constitution fallacy and set out a reasonable theory of what differentiates the cognitive from the non cognitive. The statement made by Clark and Chalmers (1998) has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation with empirical evidence to support the statement.

The Scarlet Letter - Roger Chi :: essays research papers

Imagine a man having insecurities of his own, with a somewhat deformed and unpretentious appearance, finding that his spouse had betrayed him. For Roger Chillingworth, it was a completely heart-breaking devastation. In The Scarlet Letter, Chillingworth is the husband of Hester Prynne. When they married, he knew that she didn't love him, but still proceeded to commit the rest of his life to her. Consequently, a story of forbidden passion, hatred, and jealousy unfolds. Starting off as a scholar, Roger Chillingworth finds himself in a doctor's position later in the book. His back is deformed, and one shoulder is higher than the other, giving him a hunchbacked appearance. Chillingworth is not physically attractive and very slender. His eyes have a 'strong, penetrating power,'; (Chpt. 10, p. 157) and he is a loner. 'Old Roger Chillingworth, throughout life, had been calm in temperament, kindly, though not of warm affections, but ever, and in all his relations with the world, a pure and upright man.'; (p. 157, Chpt. 10) He enjoys studying and the pursuit of knowledge. When Chillingworth finds out that Hester cheated on him, he cannot be blamed for being dismayed and livid. He feels betrayed, and calls Hester's sin unpardonable. His rage quickly becomes resentment, and he develops a strong desire to find out with whom Hester had an affair with. Chillingworth seeks nothing but revenge. When Arthur Dimmesdale defends Hester and her actions, Chillingworth begins his suspicion. Chillingworth quickly becomes determined to withdraw the truth from Dimmesdale, who in fact was the man for whom Hester had betrayed him. The spite Chillingworth feels towards Dimmesdale grows stronger as his suspicion about Hester and Dimmesdale seems more and more likely. Chillingworth plans his vengeance during all of his waking hours. He becomes close to Dimmesdale, hoping maybe he would get a confession, but it didn't happen. The two soon lived together, while Chillingworth still prodded. From then on, Dimmesdale's life became miserable. 'Roger Chillingworth's aspect had undergone a remarkable change while he had dwelt in town, and especially since his abode with Mr. Dimmesdale. At first his expression had been calm, meditative, and scholar-like. "Now, there was something ugly and evil in his face, which they [people of the town] had not previously noticed, and which grew still the more obvious to sight the oftener they looked upon him.'; (Chpt. 9, p. 155) While pretending to be Dimmesdale's trusted confidant and physician, Chillingworth is actually slaying him by means of medicine and mental torture.

Why People Should Ride a Bicycle

Why People Should Ride a Bicycle for Short Distance Trips A bicycle is a mechanism that has transported man for many decades. Nowadays, bicycling is a great way to move from one place to another in short distances. In my opinion, everyone should use a bicycle for short distant trips, rather than the convenience of a car. The use of a bicycle has many great advantages over a car. If you choose to ride your bicycle to drive a short distant trip, you will can decrease gasoline consumption, improve the quality of your life, and protect our environment. The first reason to use a bicycle for short distances is that gasoline consumption is a major effect on oil and gas prices. If more people would take advantage of riding their bicycles, rather than driving their car, then gas and oil prices would lower. Our economy is at risk of losing the value of a dollar because the increase of oil and gas. If more people would ride their bicycles, then it would save money and gas consumption would save as well. Another good reason to riding your bicycle is that it can improve the quality of your life. By riding your bicycle it gives you the opportunity to breathe in fresh air. You can clear your lungs, get plenty of exercise, and stay in shape. Riding a bicycle gives you the freedom that you wouldn’t get by driving your car. Improving the quality of your life can be as simple as taking a short trip on your bike. Finally, we can help protect our environment by giving up the convenience of driving our car which causes gas fumes and chemicals in there air. If more people would realize that gas fumes are bad for our environment, and harmful to the birds and creatures that live here with us, they would surely take the opportunity to ride their bike. These are some excellent reasons why riding our bicycle is more to our advantage than the convenience of driving our car. If we will take the opportunity of riding our bike for short trips, we can definitely help on gas consumption, improving the quality of our lives, and be a help to improving the quality of our environment.

Part Three Chapter III

III Gavin could have invited Mary into his office to discuss the most recent exchange of letters with the insurance company, but decided to visit her at home instead. He had kept the late afternoon free of appointments, on the off-chance that she might ask him to stay for something to eat; she was a fantastic cook. His instinctive shying away from her naked grief had been dissipated by regular contact. He had always liked Mary, but Barry had eclipsed her in company. Not that she ever appeared to dislike her supporting role; on the contrary, she had seemed delighted to beautify the background, happy laughing at Barry's jokes, happy simply to be with him. Gavin doubted that Kay had ever been happy to play second fiddle in her life. Crashing the gears as he drove up Church Row, he thought that Kay would have been outraged by any suggestion that she modify her behaviour or suppress her opinions for the sake of her partner's enjoyment, his happiness or his self-esteem. He did not think that he had ever been unhappier in a relationship than he was now. Even in the death throes of the affair with Lisa, there had been temporary truces, laughs, sudden poignant reminders of better times. The situation with Kay was like war. Sometimes he forgot that there was supposed to be any affection between them; did she even like him? They had had their worst ever argument by telephone on the morning after Miles and Samantha's dinner party. Eventually, Kay had slammed down the receiver, cutting Gavin off. For a full twenty-four hours he had believed that their relationship was at an end, and although this was what he wanted he had experienced more fear than relief. In his fantasies, Kay simply disappeared back to London, but the reality was that she had tethered herself to Pagford with a job and a daughter at Winterdown. He faced the prospect of bumping into her wherever he went in the tiny town. Perhaps she was already poisoning the well of gossip against him; he imagined her repeating some of the things she had said to him on the telephone to Samantha, or to that nosy old woman in the delicatessen who gave him goose-flesh. I uprooted my daughter and left my job and moved house for you, and you treat me like a hooker you don't have to pay. People would say that he had behaved badly. Perhaps he had behaved badly. There must have been a crucial point when he ought to have pulled back, but he had not seen it. Gavin spent the whole weekend brooding on how it would feel to be seen as the bad guy. He had never been in that position before. After Lisa had left him, everybody had been kind and sympathetic, especially the Fairbrothers. Guilt and dread dogged him until, on Sunday evening, he cracked and called Kay to apologize. Now he was back where he did not want to be, and he hated Kay for it. Parking his car in the Fairbrothers' drive, as he had done so often when Barry was alive, he headed for the front door, noticing that somebody had mowed the lawn since he had last called. Mary answered his ring on the doorbell almost instantaneously. ‘Hi, how – Mary, what's wrong?' Her whole face was wet, her eyes brimming with diamond-bright tears. She gulped once or twice, shook her head, and then, without quite knowing how it had happened, Gavin found himself holding her in his arms on the doorstep. ‘Mary? Has something happened?' He felt her nod. Acutely aware of their exposed position, of the open road behind him, Gavin manoeuvred her inside. She was small and fragile in his arms; her fingers clutched at him, her face pressed into his coat. He relinquished his briefcase as gently as he could, but the sound of it hitting the floor made her withdraw from him, her breath short as she covered her mouth with her hands. ‘I'm sorry †¦ I'm sorry †¦ oh God, Gav †¦' ‘What's happened?' His voice sounded different from usual: forceful, take command, more like the way Miles sometimes talked in a crisis at work. ‘Someone's put †¦ I don't †¦ someone's put Barry's †¦' She beckoned him into the home office, cluttered, shabby and cosy, with Barry's old rowing trophies on the shelves, and a big framed photograph on the wall of eight teenage girls punching the air, with medals around their necks. Mary pointed a trembling finger at the computer screen. Still in his coat, Gavin dropped into the chair and stared at the message board of Pagford Parish Council's website. ‘I w-was in the delicatessen this morning, and Maureen Lowe told me that lots of people had put messages of condolence on the site †¦ so I was going to p-post a message to s-say thank you. And – look †¦' He spotted it as she spoke. Simon Price Unfit to Stand for Council, posted by The Ghost of Barry Fairbrother. ‘Jesus Christ,' said Gavin in disgust. Mary dissolved into tears again. Gavin wanted to put his arms back around her, but was afraid to, especially here, in this snug little room so full of Barry. He compromised by taking hold of her thin wrist and leading her through the hall into the kitchen. ‘You need a drink,' he told her, in that unfamiliarly strong and commanding voice. ‘Sod coffee. Where's the proper stuff?' But he remembered before she answered; he had seen Barry take the bottles out of the cupboard often enough, so he mixed her a small gin and tonic, which was the only thing he had ever known her drink before dinner. ‘Gav, it's four in the afternoon.' ‘Who gives a damn?' said Gavin, in his new voice. ‘Get that down you.' An unbalanced laugh broke her sobs; she accepted the glass and sipped. He fetched her kitchen roll to mop her face and eyes. ‘You're so kind, Gav. Don't you want anything? Coffee or †¦ or beer?' she asked, on another weak laugh. He fetched himself a bottle from the fridge, took off his coat and sat down opposite her at the island in the middle of the room. After a while, when she had drunk most of her gin, she became calm and quiet again, the way he always thought of her. ‘Who d'you think did it?' she asked him. ‘Some total bastard,' said Gavin. ‘They're all fighting over his council seat, now. Squabbling away over the Fields as usual. And he's still in there, putting his two cents in. The Ghost of Barry Fairbrother. Maybe it really is him, posting on the message board?' Gavin did not know whether this was meant as a joke, and settled for a slight smile that might be quickly removed. ‘You know, I'd love to think that he's worrying about us, wherever he is; about me and the kids. But I doubt it. I'll bet he's still most worried about Krystal Weedon. Do you know what he'd probably say to me if he was here?' She drained her glass. Gavin had not thought that he had mixed the gin very strong, but there were patches of high colour on her cheeks. ‘No,' he said cautiously. ‘He'd tell me that I've got support,' said Mary, and to Gavin's astonishment, he heard anger in the voice he always thought of as gentle. ‘Yeah, he'd probably say, â€Å"You've got all the family and our friends and the kids to comfort you, but Krystal,†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Mary's voice was becoming louder, ‘†Krystal's got nobody to look out for her.† D'you know what he spent our wedding anniversary doing?' ‘No,' said Gavin again. ‘Writing an article for the local paper about Krystal. Krystal and the Fields. The bloody Fields. If I never hear them mentioned again, it'll be too soon. I want another gin. I don't drink enough.' Gavin picked up her glass automatically and returned to the drinks cupboard, stunned. He had always regarded her and Barry's marriage as literally perfect. Never had it occurred to him that Mary might be other than one hundred per cent approving of every venture and crusade with which the ever-busy Barry concerned himself. ‘Rowing practice in the evenings, driving them to races at the weekends,' she said, over the tinkling of ice he was adding to her glass, ‘and most nights he was on the computer, trying to get people to support him about the Fields, and getting stuff on the agenda for council meetings. And everyone always said, â€Å"Isn't Barry marvellous, the way he does it all, the way he volunteers, he's so involved with the community.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ She took a big gulp of her fresh gin and tonic. ‘Yes, marvellous. Absolutely marvellous. Until it killed him. All day long, on our wedding anniversary, struggling to meet that stupid deadline. They haven't even printed it yet.' Gavin could not take his eyes off her. Anger and alcohol had restored colour to her face. She was sitting upright, instead of cowed and hunched over, as she had been recently. ‘That's what killed him,' she said clearly, and her voice echoed a little in the kitchen. ‘He gave everything to everybody. Except to me.' Ever since Barry's funeral, Gavin had dwelled, with a sense of deep inadequacy, on the comparatively small gap that he was sure he would leave behind in his community, should he die. Looking at Mary, he wondered whether it would not be better to leave a huge hole in one person's heart. Had Barry not realized how Mary felt? Had he not realized how lucky he was? The front door opened with a loud clatter, and he heard the sound of the four children coming in; voices and footsteps and the thumping of shoes and bags. ‘Hi, Gav,' said eighteen-year-old Fergus, kissing his mother on top of her head. ‘Are you drinking, Mum?' ‘It's my fault,' said Gavin. ‘Blame me.' They were such nice kids, the Fairbrother kids. Gavin liked the way they talked to their mother, hugged her, chatted to each other and to him. They were open, polite and funny. He thought of Gaia, her vicious asides, silences like jagged glass, the snarling way she addressed him. ‘Gav, we haven't even talked about the insurance,' said Mary, as the children surged around the kitchen, finding themselves drinks and snacks. ‘It doesn't matter,' said Gavin, without thinking, before correcting himself hastily; ‘shall we go through to the sitting room or †¦?' ‘Yes, let's.' She wobbled a little getting down from the high kitchen stool, and he caught her arm again. ‘Are you staying for dinner, Gav?' called Fergus. ‘Do, if you want to,' said Mary. A surge of warmth flooded him. ‘I'd love to,' he said. ‘Thanks.'

Rise of Totalitarian Dictatorships essays

Rise of Totalitarian Dictatorships essays The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations were major contributing factors into the rise of totalitarian dictatorships, especially in Europe, following the First World War. The symptoms of the treaty led to hostilities in most of Europe, and the lack of power propagated throughout Europe by the League of Nations to contain aggression proved its failure. Highlights of the treaty that ended the First World War would include the surrender of all-German colonies, German reparations (6,600 million), a ban on German and Austrian unions, the common military limitations, and Germanys acceptance for causing the war. These numerous chastisements to Germany are what have been blamed for the rise of totalitarian dictatorships in that country, and eventually the Second World War. As German nationalistic desires inflate once more, the accompaniment of instability in the economy, society, and politics, Germany was left considerably vulnerable and harsher governments were easily assimilated. Had it been softer on Germany, the Weimar Republic would have been stronger and would not have faced as much economic and social turmoil. Had the treaty been harsher, Germany would not have had the power to make war. ... The faults in the Treaty of Versailles were great, but the faults of those who refused to later enforce it were far greater. The Treaty of Versailles was also faulted in its promises to both Italy and Russia, countries both of who eventually were left vulnerable for totalitarian governments to be enacted in them. This vulnerability was created by the resentment of the two countries, Italy due to its mis-receivement of promised land, and the stripping of Russian land as punishment for leaving the war early. And as was with Germany, the accompaniment of poor economic, social, and political conditions in Europe laid the seeds for two very nationalistic countries and dictatorships easily arose. ...

You have been asked to create a database to handle various account combinations of customers in a bank of your choice Essays

You have been asked to create a database to handle various account combinations of customers in a bank of your choice Essays You have been asked to create a database to handle various account combinations of customers in a bank of your choice Essay You have been asked to create a database to handle various account combinations of customers in a bank of your choice Essay You have been asked to create a database to handle various account combinations of customers in a bank of your choice. Your database must consist of at leas three tables (maximum of 7) to store information about customers, accounts, investments, mortgages, etc. The bank offers a range of accounts, such a current, student high rate deposit, etc and a range of investment services such as Individual Savings Account (ISA) or a portfolio holding shares. A customer may have more than one account and at the same time may also hold an investment or a fixed rate mortgage (or both). Your working database will allow users to: * set up new accounts * enter, view, and edit data in entry forms * initiate queries to search for specific information * and generate a monthly overall financial statement for each customer USER SPECIFICATION PURPOSE A model is a representation of something in the real world. We use models in all walks of life because they represent a simplified view of the world, highlighting the part which interests us. A good model should: Aid communication A model that is difficult to read or understand is of no use. Projects of various sizes all depend upon communication exchanging ideas, discussing proposals, understanding requirements. A model should aid all ideas. There is no use communicating a complex model as it will be difficult to understand, to verify and to maintain. A test which can be applied to any model is to give someone unconnected with the system and ask them what the model represents. If they describe the system accurately then a good model has been produced. Fits its purpose A good model should have an explicit purpose that everyone uses it recognises. Project models are produced at many different stages of a project life cycle for various purposes. This includes: * physical models showing the system as it is currently exists, with implementation details who does what and where * logical models showing the essence of the system what the system actually does, without any implementation details * models used during the systems analysis stage of the project * models used during the design stages of a project * models giving a general overview of a system, putting all the relevant parts of the problem into perspective * highly detailed models for one small part of a system * models that show different perspectives of a system, for example dynamic, functional or static. Capture the essentials Many models consist of documentation for businesses, such as invoices, orders, receipts. If it only consisted of documents, what would happen if the business changes? Most businesses today are dynamic meaning that they have to respond to increasing competition and to he changes in the environment around them. It is therefore necessary to capture the essence of the business and model around those core concepts to be able to handle changes properly. Be consistent with other models in the system Different models of the same system can be integrated or cross checked against each other for consistency. This is to say that if a set of models represent the same thing then it should be possible to put them altogether without introducing inconsistencies. Reduce complexity To deal with systems not too complex to understand directly by breaking them up into more manageable parts and separating out a small number of important things to deal with at a time. Be able to be drawn on ordinary paper Models are a communication aid. If we present users with a model that fills the back of a roll of wallpaper then no matter how accurately it may represent the system under investigation it is unlikely that it will communicate the main point to users. Models produced on a standard A4 sheet of paper are more likely o represent manageable chunks or a system that users can comprehend, comment on file, post to other users and so on. Be capable of manipulation by computer Drawing models is essentially an iterative process a model is produced, shown to the users then redrawn as many times as is necessary until the users are happy with it. Using a model that can be manipulated by computer cuts out the drudgery of redrafting, and ensures that models can be produced and amended speedily and without introducing errors. USER SPECIFICATION AND USER SKILLS In order to identify the type of working model that the user would want I designed a questionnaire. This was distributed to 10 employees of who all worked for Barclays and were used to an already existing system put into the banks. The purpose of the questionnaire was to identify what the user wants. As part of my GNVQ Advanced IT project I have to design a database for a bank. I would be very grateful if you could spare a few minutes to fill it in. Please tick as applicable. 1) When filling in information would you like the font to be a large or small size? -Large -Small 2) Would it be easier if drop down lists were made available to reduce time taking operations? -Yes -No 3) On average how long do you spend with a customer? -5 to 10 minutes -11 to 20 minutes -21 to 30 minutes -1 hour -longer 4) Would it not be easier if the customer could fill out a form first and then you could input the information into the computer? -Yes -No 5) How many ranges of accounts do you offer from the following? -Current account -ISA -Insurance -Savings and investments -Mortgages and home -Students and graduates 6) Would it be easier if information was copied from table to table or was identified in different sections using the customer ID? -Yes -No 7) Does adding colour make the database more interesting? -Yes -No 8) Would it be a good idea if the database was made more realistic using 3D effects and interesting graphics and writing? -Yes -No 9) Is it a good or bad idea if certain boxes were eliminated with a certain validation rules. E.g. Tel no. can only be a number up to 11 digits. -Good -Bad 9) Would it be suitable for certain formulas to imply be themselves such as date? -Yes -No Thank you. USER SPECIFICATION AND USER SKILLS Below you are able to view the results of this questionnaire based upon 10 people: In order to identify the type of working model that the user would want I designed a questionnaire. This was distributed to 10 employees of who all worked for Barclays and were used to an already existing system put into the banks. The purpose of the questionnaire was to identify what the user wants. As part of my GNVQ Advanced IT project I have to design a database for a bank. I would be very grateful if you could spare a few minutes to fill it in. Please tick as applicable. 1) When filling in information would you like the font to be a large or small size? -Large 8 -Small 2 2) Would it be easier if drop down lists were made available to reduce time taking operations? -Yes 9 -No 1 3) On average how long do you spend with a customer? -5 to 10 minutes 2 -11 to 20 minutes 1 -21 to 30 minutes 7 -1 hour 0 -longer 0 4) Would it not be easier if the customer could fill out a form first and then you could input the information into the computer? -Yes 2 -No 8 5) How many ranges of accounts do you offer from the following? -Current account 10 -ISA 10 -Insurance 10 -Savings and investments 10 -Mortgages and home 10 -Students and graduates 6) Would it be easier if information was copied from table to table or was identified in different sections using the customer ID? -Yes 10 -No 0 7) Does adding colour make the database more interesting? -Yes 10 -No 0 8) Would it be a good idea if the database was made more realistic using 3D effects and interesting graphics and writing? -Yes 5 -No 5 9) Is it a good or bad idea if certain boxes were eliminated with a certain validation rules? E.g. Tel no. can only be a number up to 11 digits. -Good 10 -Bad 0 9) Would it be suitable for certain formulas to imply be themselves such as date? -Yes 10 -No 0 Thank you. Final Specification Carrying out the questionnaire has enabled me to come up with the following specification according to the results that were achieved. 1) The model should be simple and user friendly and be able to communicate well. It should be able to: -exchange ideas -discuss proposals -understand requirements 2) It should capture the essentials so if the business does face changes the way it operates is not affected due to the pressures of ever growing competition. 3) Reduce complexity of the model and break it down into manageable chunks. 4) To be able to fit the basic concept or model onto one A4 sheet. 5) Ensure models can be produced and amended speedily and without introducing errors according to the user. 6) Ensure the font is of a reasonable size to ensure less constraint on the eyes of the user. A font size of 12 should be a good idea. 7) Drop down lists should be made available to ensure less time is taken. 8) The whole database should be able to be filled in between 21 to 30 minutes. 9) A minimum of 5 tables should be implemented which will include information on customers, accounts, investments and insurances. 10) Information should be made available in different tables, which will be identified by the customer ID. 11) Colour should be implemented to make the database more interesting and easier to identify different sectors. 12) Certain boxes/cells should contain validation rules as it will mean that errors are minimised. 13) Certain formulas should also be implied as it will mean that it is for less time consuming. NORMALISTATION THE STEPS INVOLVED IN ORMALISTAION The steps involved are the creation of an un-normalised form (UNF) followed by first (FNF or 1NF), second (SNF or 2NF) and third normal forms (TNF or 3NF). UNF Collect all attributes and select a key for the un-normalised relation. The key could be any item but select a reasonable key that is, unique for the particular data source, involving the smallest combination of items possible and not textual. 1NF Remove all repeating groups of attributes (those with several values determined by a single value of the key) to form a new relation. The key to this new relation will be the key of the UNF (which should be taken with the removed group of attributes) plus any further attributes belonging to the removed group which are necessary to uniquely each row. 2NF Remove attributes determined by part of a compound or composite key to form a new relation. The determining attributes become the key of the new relation. A relation is in 2NF if it is 1NF and every non-primary key attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key. 3NF Remove attributes determined by non-key attributes to form a new relation. The determining attributes become the key of the new relation. Mark foreign keys. Remember that determinacy exists when the value of the determined attribute is totally dependent on the value of the determining attributes. Test for TNF Given a value for the key, is there only one possible value for each attribute in the relation? Examine every non-key attribute and question its relationship with every other non-key attribute. Ask the question, If I know the value for attribute A, is there only one value for attribute B? If the answer is Yes, then attribute B is determined by attribute A (that is, is functionally dependent on A). Since A is a non-key attribute, attributes A and B must be removed to a separate relation, leaving A behind as a foreign key and using it as the primary key of the new relation. When this process is finished you should be able to examine each relation and answer Yes to the following question: Is each attribute dependent on the key, the whole key and nothing but the key? NORMALISATION TABLE UNF 1NF 2NF 3NF Customer ID Customer ID Customer ID Customer ID Title *Sort code *Sort code *Sort code Customer name Title Title Title Customer address Customer name Customer name Customer name Telephone number Customer address Customer address Customer address Sex Telephone number Telephone number Telephone number Date of birth Sex Sex Sex Marital status Date of birth Date of birth Date of birth Sort code Marital status Marital status Marital status Branch name Branch address Sort code Sort code Sort code Current account number Branch name Branch name Branch name Date of CA transaction Branch address Branch address Branch address CA Start balance CA Money out Customer ID Customer ID Customer ID CA Money in Current account number Current account number Current account number CA Overdraft limit Date of CA transaction Date of CA transaction Date of CA transaction CA Description CA Start balance CA Start balance CA Start balance Savings account number CA Money out CA Money out CA Money out Date of SA transaction CA Money in CA Money in CA Money in SA Start balance CA Overdraft limit CA Overdraft limit CA Overdraft limit Date of SA transaction CA Description CA Description CA Description SA Money out Savings account number SA Money in Date of SA transaction Customer ID Customer ID SA Overdraft limit SA Start balance Savings account number Savings account number SA Description Date of SA transaction Date of SA transaction Date of SA transaction Interest earned tax year ending 2002 (before tax) SA Money out SA Start balance SA Start balance Lower rate tax deducted SA Money in Date of SA transaction Date of SA transaction Mortgage account number SA Overdraft limit SA Money out SA Money out Date of MA transaction SA Description SA Money in SA Money in MA Balance bought forward Interest earned tax year ending 2002 (before tax) SA Overdraft limit SA Overdraft limit MA Description Lower rate tax deducted SA Description SA Description Debit Mortgage account number Interest earned tax year ending 2002 (before tax) Interest earned tax year ending 2002 (before tax) Credit Date of MA transaction Lower rate tax deducted Lower rate tax deducted MA Balance bought forward Mortgage account number MA Description Date of MA transaction Customer ID Debit MA Balance bought forward Mortgage account number Credit MA Description Date of MA transaction Debit MA Balance bought forward Credit MA Description Debit Credit EXPLAINING THE DATA DICTIONARY Different databases vendors supply different dictionary products. The following is a general review of the desirable components and the tasks it ought to be capable of. A data dictionary is a composite of: Data dictionary contains definitions of records; data; items; relations, etc. The user can find the characteristics of the data stored in the database. Data directory or catalogue Contains information about where data is stored. Thus, it will contain the internal schemes and indexes maintained by the DBMS (such as CustNo_Index and CustomerName_Index). Also, in a distributed database, the data directory keeps track of which data is stored at which nod. The data directory is used by the data management software rather than by users. Data stored by the data dictionary is known as meta data which is data about data. A data dictionary may hold only information about the database implementation or may also hold details of conceptual model ad process or functional model. The four partition model of a data dictionary can be used to describe the features that a fully implemented data dictionary may contain. The line between the boxes represents the relationship between data structures and the programs which use them, etc. This information is useful when amending data structures, for example so that the programs affected can be traced and the data model updated as necessary to correspond to the new data structures. Using the data dictionary in systems development As an example of how the data dictionary may be used, the following points illustrate how it may be used in systems development: * Information provided by the data dictionary helps to identify redundant data and help developers and users to understand and agree what data means. * Information can be used to help with conceptual data modelling and also to generate documentation. * Prototyping may be used to develop a database system it is a quick, experimental approach which requires a readily available store of data and a readily available description of that data together with some computer based tools. Other data dictionary users There are several things that management needs that the data directory provides, including: * Information about existing corporate data * Information about how and where data is used * A means of controlling data * A means of controlling new users or modifications of existing data or processes using the data * A tool for standardising data definitions * Security of data resources The data administrator: * Helps to ensure all users are provided with the communications network and data and processing structures they need * Is responsible for implementing and maintaining DBMS and DDS * Is responsible for controlling the consistency of entries. For the Data Administrator the dictionary provides: * Description of the DB * Subschema generation * Data description for application programs * Extensive and timely on-line documentation of all data structures * An effective and uniform means of recording detail about DBMS, non-DBMS and manual systems * A valuable tool for monitoring changes * A device for estimating major cost factors in implementing planned modifications * A facility that optimises the use of corporate data * A medium through which non-data processing staff can be acquainted with corporate data. For the system analyst/designer the dictionary provides: * Verification of the structure of company data * Identification of redundancy * Implementation standards * System documentation * Description of schemas and subschemas * Description of files records and fields * Automatic COPY facilities * Cross reference to users of data * Security facilities * Responsibilities for updating * Project progress facilities. For programmers the dictionary provides: * COPY facilities * Information about interdependencies * Description of the usage of files and programs within systems * Usage of data entities * Generation of reporting facilities The auditor needs: * Control of information * Accuracy of information about flow of data * To evaluate and audit new and revised systems for accuracy, effectiveness, reliability and timeliness * Quick and effective mechanism to trace and audit all activities. THE DATA DICTIONARY ENTITY KEY ATTRIBUTE DATA TYPE SIZE VALIDATION CUSTOMER ID PRIMARY Customer ID Auto number LI SORT CODE FOREIGN *Sort code Lookup wizard / / Title Text 4 chars Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms Customer name Text 15 chars Customer address Text 50 chars Telephone number Text 11 digit Sex Text 6 chars Male/Female Date of birth Text 8 digits Format:00/00/00 Marital status Text 7 chars Married/Single SORT CODE PRIMARY Sort code Number LI Branch name Text 20 chars Branch address Text 50 chars CUSTOMER ID PRIMARY Customer ID Lookup wizard / / CURRENT ACCOUNT NUMBER PRIMARY Current account number Number 8 digits Date of CA transaction Text 8 digits Format:00/00/00 CA start balance Currency / / CA Money out Currency / / CA Money in Currency / / CA Overdraft limit Currency / / CA Description Text 50 chars CUSTOMER ID PRIMARY Customer ID Lookup wizard / / SAVINGS ACCOUNT NUMBER PRIMARY Savings account number Number 8 digits Date of SA transaction Text 8 digits Format:00/00/00 SA start balance Currency / / SA Money out Currency / / SA Money in Currency / / SA Overdraft limit Currency / / SA Description Text 50 chars Interest earned tax year ending 2002 (before tax) Currency / / Lower rate tax deducted Currency / / CUSTOMER ID PRIMARY Customer ID Lookup wizard / / MORTGAGE ACCOUNT NUMBER PRIMARY Mortgage account number Number 8 digits Date of MA transaction Text 8 digits Format:00/00/00 Balance bought forward Currency / / MA Description Text 50 chars Debit Currency / / Credit Currency / / ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM An entity relationship diagram is a graphic used to represent entities and their relationships. Entities are normally shown in rectangles or squares, and relationships are shown in diamonds. The cardinality of the relationship is shown inside the diagram. The simplest form of binary relationship is a one-to-one (1:1) relationship, in which an entity of one type is related to no more than one entity of another type. The second type of binary relationship is one to many (1:N), in which an entity of one type can be related to many entities of another type. The third and final type of binary relationship is many to many (M:N), in which an entity of one type corresponds too many entities of the second type, and an entity of the second type corresponds too many entities of the first type.

Invented Deadlines

Invented Deadlines February was an insane month for me. I presented and sold books at the  Wisconsin State Reading Association Convention.  I launched a  new book  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a process that included a party, a  public reading event, a plethora of  social media posts, a month of book launch  dedicated blog entries, an interview with the  local newspaper  and lots of thought, heart, and energy. Both my son and husband had birthdays and the  college baseball season  started up again, which impacts my household in a big way. I lead a Gifted and Talented Network Young Author Day. Oh yeah, and I worked two part-time jobs and helped keep two human children dressed appropriately, fed, bathed, and otherwise alive. Don’t get me wrong†¦ it was a fun busy. A bored writer is a broke writer, but needless to say, I was silently looking forward to March, a decidedly slower month for me†¦ at least according to my calendar. Now that I am here, solidly in March, my head is still swiveling. Instead of bouncing from task to task, my gaze is casting about for the next thing to work on. What needs and deserves my attention? This is one thing I don’t think entrepreneurs talk about enough. When you are your own boss, how do you decide what to work on? My usual mode of operation dictates that whatever project has the next deadline gets the number one spot on my radar of attention. In February that radar was full. But now? Not so much. To prevent myself from falling into patterns of inefficiency and nonproductivity, I invent deadlines. Deciding on a must-be-done deadline motivates me to push forward. As a writer I am very used to deadlines and use my experience with that mindset to propel me to success. Here’s an example. I’ve been meaning to re-do my  teaching materials  for the  Orphan Train Ridersseries since I republished the collection in a single volume. During a slow week in January, I decided having these materials ready to go for WSRA (the aforementioned state reading conference) would be a good idea. It was only a ten-hour project†¦ but for some reason, it remained unfinished. Had I not invented the self-imposed deadline it probably still wouldn’t be done, and I’d have one less  product  floating out there in my passive income stream. This month I have decided to submit a piece for the next issue of the Chippewa Valley Writers Guild’s Literary Journal,  Barstow and Grand. Rewriting and polishing a piece, including taking it to my critique group, doing additional drafts and finally turning it in was the perfect bite-sized project to keep me busy until more work came around. If you are wondering what you could add to your open radar, here are a few invented deadlines you could create for yourself.   Ã‚     Find a writing contest, or better yet, subscribe to a weekly newsletter like  Reedsy  or  FundsforWriters, so these opportunities are delivered like clockwork to your inbox each week.   Ã‚     Compose a query letter for a work in progress. Even if the manuscript isn’t close to being done, it is a necessary evil that must be completed at some time. Having a â€Å"shitty first draft† to come back to down the road will be super helpful.   Ã‚     Revise a piece from the past. And then, maybe r(e)submit it!   Ã‚     Write a blog post   Ã‚     Join a class or writing program. I know I’m biased because I created it, but  Story Seedlings  is an awesome way to jump-start a story project.

Online Gambling Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online Gambling - Term Paper Example Utilitarian theory is divided into several forms; act, rule, negative and preference utilitarianism. All these types of utilitarian theory were used to explain the actions of individual’s morals in the society (Pettit, 1993). In the case of online gambling, utilitarian theory would support the action if the outcome of the gambling process will yield greatest happiness to the participants (Harris, 2002). In this case the benefit would be financial; it disregards the laws of the land when it comes to gambling rules. If the participant get maximum utility in their actions then that would be considered as morally right. As much as utilitarian theory focuses on utility there are some objections and difficulties in justifying the benefit generated by an action, firstly there is a difficulty in measuring the degree of pleasure or happiness, secondly it disregards the opinions of the majority, thirdly it neglects the motives and intentions of the actions and finally it gives emphasis on pleasure and disregards the impact of the action on the participants (Brandt, 1992). Kantian theory is also known as deontology theory, it states that persons are obliged to act or behave in a certain manner regardless of the outcome or results (Blackburn, 2001). According to Kant some actions are considered as morally wrong even if they give a positive outcome, the outcome is judged separately from the action i.e. deontologists do not equate the right from a good outcome. The will to act determines the moral worth of an action and is the only thing that can be said to be good without qualification. Good will is the action done in accordance with the moral duty or law. These moral categories are referred to as imperatives and are divided into the following types; Using reasoning and application of this principle we can identify if an action is morally permissible. For instance an action like online gambling could be taken as good. Imagining a scenario

Finance report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Finance report - Essay Example We divided its capital into four equal portions of QR 250,000 each to invest in each of the four investment platforms available. As such, we invest QR 250,000 in the Qatar Stocks Exchange, which is the principle stock market of Qatar. It invests another QR 250,000 in Qatar National Banks as bank deposits. It then invests the third portion of their capital, another QR 250,000 in gold and other metals. Some of these gold businesses are international and not available within the country. Furthermore, it invests the last portion of their quarter million in Forex markets, mainly dealing with currencies exchange with the Qatar Riyal. We has an investment philosophy that is of a risk taking capacity, which means that we will easily go for the high risk investments because of the high returns associated with these investments. Furthermore, we is aware that these high-risk investments may either lead to the loss of all the invested capital, or lead to a significant profit way beyond their imagination. We practices on the â€Å"risk-return tradeoff† investment strategy. This investment strategy operates on the principle that the potential of returns raises with an increase I the risk of investment. As such, lower levels of uncertainty, such as loss risk investments, have a high likelihood of bringing in low potential returns on the other hand, high levels of uncertainty, such as in high-risk investments, there is a high likelihood that the investments will yield high potential returns. Consequently, in accordance with the concept of â€Å"risk-return trade off† in business investments, money invested by an investor can render higher profits only if it is subject of a high possibility of losses. This model of business investment strategy requires traders to be always aware of their personal risk tolerance whenever they make choices of their investment portfolios owing to the

How to Look Good when Pregnant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How to Look Good when Pregnant - Essay Example After all the pregnancy condition is a celebration of your female nature especially motherhood. There is no need to spoil the joy with a dull look. There is no proper reason to do that since there are abundant stores in our country, which offers a number of fashions that will help you look impressive in the period of pregnancy. If you think of price, there are varied fashions that are suitable for you at your power to purchase. What you ought to do is choosing the best out of the best, nothing else. This article gives you everything you need to look good when you are pregnant. What should you wear when pregnant Your look generally depends on the type of clothes you wear. For you to look good when pregnant, you have to be smart in your selection of clothing. In the ancient times, people used to hide their bellies when they are pregnant. If you still use them, then you have to read this article with a lot of keenness. Pitched in a tent like dresses were used by the mothers so that they could not be noticed in any way that they were pregnant. This culture has long ceased, and in today’s world, there are fashions and styles of making clothes that will always make you look beautiful and impressive. Here, are some of clothing and possible shops where you can get them. Tops As you know or have realized your bust will always increase when you are pregnant. You need tops that will cover you well as well as make you feel relaxed always. This should not bother you anymore. There are diverse versions of tops which the you can use to fit your increasing body at pocket friendly price. You may choose to wear the empire waist top which pushes over one right below the bust allowing ample space for the bump or use other tops such as stretch t-shirts, flannel shirts, bottom-front shirt among others. All these are found at different sizes in the shops and their prices won’t injure your bank account. Stores that offer such selections at an affordable price are for ins tance the Ann Taylor Loft, the Motherhood Maternity and the sears. Maternity dresses Presently, your pregnancy bump is not something to hide in your dresses. Celebrations should be your theme due to the maternity clothes which are now becoming better looking with each passing day. They will make you look pretty and feel feminine. Never mind of your pants, get stretch pants, which also look a lot better. Tummies are often exposed with dresses that skim the body, jeans that are low waist and even reaped T-shirts. Dresses are the most relaxed piece of clothing to sport while you are pregnant. The dress will also make you look stylish. As one selects a dress to wear while she is pregnant, some considerations must be made. The dresses are fitting through the shoulders and have a neckline that is flattering. These dresses are modeled in a way that to be able to add a jacket or a sweater for a different look. Type of shoes to wear during pregnancy The formal dress will make you look cuter when paired with low heels or boots, earrings, handbag, as well as a little makeup. Pigtails are low safeguarding and sexy all at ago. You can even dress up a roll with a little bit of coverings and elegant clips. Swelling of feet is one of the symptoms of pregnancy. You need to change the shoes you wear in order to be fitted and make you comfortable (Riley 2006). This as well is available, and

Hospitality and tourism industry economy in Australia Essay

Hospitality and tourism industry economy in Australia - Essay Example Although, this segment comprises of a cluster of small firms or hotels that offers extremely attractive holiday packages to spend leisure or recreational times, religion or health, business and professional purposes at a quite affordable ranges. Due to this, its competitiveness enhanced to a significant rate as compared to others. Thus, from the above graphs, it might be depicted that the outlook of hospitality or tourism industry in Australia changed to a certain extent. The entire credit of such a market scenario of hospitality and tourism industry of Australia is due to the changing demographics. However, in-spite of benefits, it also had to face varied types of challenges as well. This paper mainly focuses about the challenges regarding the type of jobs and talents required for the individual getting engaged in the hospitality and tourism industry in Australia due to changing demographics. Along with this, it also describes the appropriate human resource approaches essential to retain the employees as well as to attract new talented ones towards the industry of tourism. In this today’s era, maximum extent of the employees desire to establish his or her own identity and image in the organization or industry, engaged with. This is mainly due to the changes of the attitudes and behaviours of the generation x and y candidates as compared to baby boomers. So, in order to retain the employees of generation x and y within the organization or industries for a longer period of time, varied types of human resource approaches are maintained. These approaches might lead to the betterment of this industry. So, they are described below one by one. Succession Management- according to Philips (2012), it is a constant process of identifying, assessing and developing varied leaders within the organization so as to improve the level of performance, dedication

A study of the conservatives and the democrats Term Paper

A study of the conservatives and the democrats - Term Paper Example A free market is one which there is very little government interference. The forces of demand and supply are left to align themselves accordingly depending on the market situation at hand. Communism is stated to be a great enemy to mankind because it generally deals with taking from the rich and giving to the poor. Communism further advocates for equality between all citizens in terms of wealth. He further emphasizes that the government is closest to the people and therefore will give what is best to the people. He advocates that all American citizens should be left to work on their families and wealth on their own with little government interference. This wisdom of conservatism he furthers states has been attained from generation to generations of individual experiences of past leaders and past nations. The Government shall intervene when an individual impinges the right of their neighbor and will also assure equal opportunity to all citizens and will also be passionate in caring fo r the disabled individuals. The Government will cater for the individual instead of groups so as to ensure all individual maintain their dignity and identity. It will further prevent excessive taxation, extreme controls, and oppressive competition with business and frustrated minorities. This are not factors that conservatism favors. President Reagan generally therefore advocates for freedom of the American people with little interference from the government. This is therefore the underlying principles of conservatism in America. All individuals are given equal opportunity and therefore what differentiate the individuals is their ambition and their hard work to work towards their goals and dreams. Maria Cuomo emphasizes that despite the fact that America is a nation which is blessed and is termed a shining city in the hill, there are still some who are very disadvantaged compared to others. She states that the conservatism that President Reagan is advocating for is survival for the fittest and that Government cannot do everything. This she states is taking care of the rich to make them richer and to hope that the charity of the American people will cater for the less fortunate. Metaphorically what falls from the table will be enough for the middle class and those struggling to enter the middle class. She states that democracy principles are not stating things that the Government cannot achieve but is saying things that it will fulfill. The Government should be humanitarian in that it should not look at the struggles of the middle class and the lower middle class blindly but should try and help them in their struggles. She therefore advocates for a government that cares, that loves and is compassionate and is able to interfere in peoples lives. This interference should be in a manner that should decrease the suffering of the masses instead of just taking care of the few rich. She further states that democrats believe in the privacy of the individual but the ope nness of the government. The democrats are also against war because life is better than death. The government should therefore operate with an idea of family, mutuality, sharing of benefits and burdens for the good of all. It also should advocate sharing of another’s blessing reasonably, honestly, fairly, without racial segregation, or sex, or geography or political affiliation. The democratic principles

Globalization and Internation Financial Crisis Essay

Globalization and Internation Financial Crisis - Essay Example This consolidation of global relationships is at the level of  individuals,  companies,  institutions  and countries (Campenhout and Cassimon, 2012).  The main causes of the process of globalization are the  technical progress in the communications and transportation sections, as well as, the  political  decisions on  liberalization  of  world trade. The study of International Finance is of particular significance in today’s globalized financial marketplace. International finance is a branch of  international economics and focuses on the monetary side of the international  economy. The subject matter of international finance is useful for students of economics, finance and business studies.  Ã‚  It is theorized that increasing globalization has played a role in creation of a wave of international financial crises in contemporary times (Schmukler and Vesperoni, 2006). The paper critically evaluates the supposition of globalization’s role in in ternational financial crisis and assesses the question whether international financial stability is feasible in an increasingly globalised economy. In addition, the paper critically appraises international financial crisis and ensuing policy responses to maximize economic and welfare consequences.   Discussion The degree of change brought about by the globalization of financial systems has been termed as financial globalization  by several researchers. Globalization of financial systems leads to the creation of a regional market integration of external financing.  According to Mishkin (2009), the financial aspect of  globalization  has three dimensions: geographical aspect of financial globalization refers to mobility of capital from one country to another, functional aspect of globalization relates to  capital markets which are compartmentalized through shifts in money markets and  stock markets. Obadan (2006) mentions that under the influence of financial globalizati on, global financial institutions are created, as well, like the  IMF, World Bank  and the European Community. Globalization’s effect on international financial markets also includes deregulation, abolition of  exchange controls  and restrictions on capital movements. Globalization also encourages financial innovation, disintermediation and direct access operators to funding without going through  intermediaries (Cline, 2010). The impacts of globalization on the financial systems are dealt under heads: Market Development Financial globalization has facilitated the financing of companies and that the  balance of payments. This has eliminated barriers to capital flows and has given an unprecedented boost to  financial markets worldwide (Rose, Prasad and Terrones, 2009). Today financial information is processed and disseminated around the  world, which leads to increased speculations in the financial markets and a high  volatility  of  capital round the glo be.  This provides a flow of investment opportunities based on  economic factors (Mishkin, 2009). These effects are sometimes seen as uncontrollable by the regional banking system  and the  international fina

A study of the conservatives and the democrats Term Paper

A study of the conservatives and the democrats - Term Paper Example A free market is one which there is very little government interference. The forces of demand and supply are left to align themselves accordingly depending on the market situation at hand. Communism is stated to be a great enemy to mankind because it generally deals with taking from the rich and giving to the poor. Communism further advocates for equality between all citizens in terms of wealth. He further emphasizes that the government is closest to the people and therefore will give what is best to the people. He advocates that all American citizens should be left to work on their families and wealth on their own with little government interference. This wisdom of conservatism he furthers states has been attained from generation to generations of individual experiences of past leaders and past nations. The Government shall intervene when an individual impinges the right of their neighbor and will also assure equal opportunity to all citizens and will also be passionate in caring fo r the disabled individuals. The Government will cater for the individual instead of groups so as to ensure all individual maintain their dignity and identity. It will further prevent excessive taxation, extreme controls, and oppressive competition with business and frustrated minorities. This are not factors that conservatism favors. President Reagan generally therefore advocates for freedom of the American people with little interference from the government. This is therefore the underlying principles of conservatism in America. All individuals are given equal opportunity and therefore what differentiate the individuals is their ambition and their hard work to work towards their goals and dreams. Maria Cuomo emphasizes that despite the fact that America is a nation which is blessed and is termed a shining city in the hill, there are still some who are very disadvantaged compared to others. She states that the conservatism that President Reagan is advocating for is survival for the fittest and that Government cannot do everything. This she states is taking care of the rich to make them richer and to hope that the charity of the American people will cater for the less fortunate. Metaphorically what falls from the table will be enough for the middle class and those struggling to enter the middle class. She states that democracy principles are not stating things that the Government cannot achieve but is saying things that it will fulfill. The Government should be humanitarian in that it should not look at the struggles of the middle class and the lower middle class blindly but should try and help them in their struggles. She therefore advocates for a government that cares, that loves and is compassionate and is able to interfere in peoples lives. This interference should be in a manner that should decrease the suffering of the masses instead of just taking care of the few rich. She further states that democrats believe in the privacy of the individual but the ope nness of the government. The democrats are also against war because life is better than death. The government should therefore operate with an idea of family, mutuality, sharing of benefits and burdens for the good of all. It also should advocate sharing of another’s blessing reasonably, honestly, fairly, without racial segregation, or sex, or geography or political affiliation. The democratic principles

Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Operation Management - Essay Example Thirdly, Maielli (2005) states that the plant was aimed at addressing persistent industrial conflict. In establishing this plant, 1000 knowledge workers participated in crafting the agreement that led to the creation of the new plant. As a leading objective, the new plant was intended to address union and company industrial conflict. Besides, the existing plants had continuously deteriorated the quality of the products, the management, therefore, set this new plant with an objective of acting as a benchmark in establishing quality production. The main goal was to foster quality, expand production, and end industrial conflicts with the unions. In addition, the objective driving this new plant was to restore a cognitive and institutional order. Traditionally, the car manufacturer had suffered a huge industrial unrest, in establishing the new plant the focus was establishing an industry based on realigning industrial processes and put under management controlled. Moreover, the objective was to streamline company operations with a view of setting car manufacturing strategy driven by astute institutional order driven by consumers’ intention of improving quality and expanding production. Lastly, Melfi plant objective was to establish organizational turn-around that would revamp production, establish quality and promote industrial growth (Maielli 2005). The design of the Melfi plat appeared to have been substantially affected by previous experience with automation and robotics in a number of ways. The Melfi plant was significantly influenced by Post-Fordism ideas of extensive production and organizational restructuring to meet the industrial dynamics. Post-Fordism reflects a move to expand quality production; the largest production plants established during the 1970s and 1980s were driven by this industrial ideology (Seitz &

STEEP Analysis Tourism Industry

STEEP Analysis Tourism Industry In the last half of the twentieth century, the first location for gambling tourism was established in Nevada, U.S.A. The distinctive of this tourism is a combination of the peculiar geography of Nevadan region with the benefits of the federal system and their own individualistic esprit to form a prosperous economy. The development of the gambling industry became the main growth factor for Las Vegas and Reno until the present time. Underlying this new economy is the evolution of the tourist business, stimulated by the expansion of legalized gambling. After much ambivalence to social policy for the first seventy years, Nevada then led the way for the next fifty years in making acceptable, a business that was widely regarded elsewhere as socially improper (Hulse, 2004). As the number of jurisdictions offering gambling tourism increases, both the response of potential tourists and the response of competing destinations will change. Gambling has long been recognized as a tourist attraction. Gambling first played a significant role at the spa resorts of the 18th and 19th centuries (Sethi, 1999). Members of the elite who frequented these resorts demanded amusements to occupy the time between treatments. The foundation of gambling amusements consist of food, socialization and games. Las Vegas is the prime example of gambling tourism, where the central interest of gambling is surrounded with a host of tourist activities. To describe the growth of gambling tourism, it has been based on the elements of providing the activities in the same area where the gambling is located. Casinos and other gambling facilities are mainly treated as part of touristic entertainment culture and as products for promoting tourism (Cochrane, 2008). In particular, the explosive growth in gambling in Macau is based on the pent up demand for gambling outlets from the Mainland Chinese. Moreover, Singapore is the latest country announcing plans for the introduction of gambling tourism by the construction of a huge casino and associated gambling facilities (Conrady Buck, 2008). In their book Tourism in Destination Community Singh S., Timothy D. and Dowling R. (2003) outline that a typology of Tourism-Host Community Relationships. This typology is based on assessing the relationship that exists between tourism and the destination community. There are four possible theories are win-win, win-lose, lose-win and lose-lose. Gambling Tourism is categorized in lose-win. The reason for this is the community loses while tourism gains the benefits. The side effects of gaming or gambling are the fabric of communities both in physical terms of areas which are pulled down to make way for more casinos and also the increasing social problems such as addiction and crime. Conversely, tourism gains as all inclusive packages of gambling, entertainment, shopping and accommodation are offered to potential visitors. This assessment will attempt to show the STEEP analysis of the current gambling tourism. Then it will look into a possible three scenarios with critically assessment based on time which is short, middle and long range future. Finally, the conclusion will explain stakeholder responses for sustainability of gambling tourism. 2. STEEP ANALYSIS 2.1. (S)ocial Impact For many people, gambling could be lawful part of their leisure and recreation activities where most of them are becoming gamblers who have a responsible manner and enjoy gambling as entertainment (MCG, 2008). On the other hand, this kind of entertainment could be a cause of serious problems for themselves which impact on their families and the community. Regarding the social impact of gambling tourism, the activity often has been associated with organized crime, domestic violence, health problems and bankruptcy which may impact on both the local people and tourists from their addictive behaviors (Ivanova Atanasova, 2009). From the negative perceptions of gambling tourism among local residents and tourists, they can be divided into the impact on individuals and the impact on relationships as follow (AIGR, 2001): Impacts on individuals The first impact is crime and health problems. Gambling is definitely vulnerable to crime, of which the major crimes might be fraud and money laundering and less major crimes could be cheating and begging. The range of crime can start from petty theft, shoplifting, forging signatures for financial gain, to robbery, embezzlement, misappropriation, drug trafficking, burglary to armed robbery. Loan shark lending has also been established as having a significant relationship with gambling related criminal activity such as physical harassment and violence being directed towards the gambler. For the health problems, gambling has been negatively associated with a variety of personal ailments such as depression, anxiety, suicide and general ill-health. For example, in 1999 Australian national client survey found the following results in relation to people with gambling problems as (AIGR, 2001): 95.6% suffered from depression; 57.8% seriously considered suicide due to gambling; 13.6% attempted suicide; 99% suffered from guilt due to gambling; and 97% had control problems, that is, they would like to stop but cant. Impacts on relationships The second impact is the affects of problem gambling on interpersonal relationships with parents, children, partners, friends, work colleagues, and the general community. Some of the main difficulties problem gamblers have experienced in their inter-personal relationships are, not having enough time for family, the break-up of relationships, break-ups leading to be split-ups, losing contact with children, violent behavior due to gambling and family arguments over money. 2. 2. (T)echnological Impact Technological developments in gambling are rapidly growing in prevalence around the world. The aim of the developments is to make it convenient to gamblers and easier to access betting games. Nowadays home gambling is preferable for gamblers. Due to the fact that there are several gambling technologies which offer more options, opportunities and temptations. The most distinctive would be online gambling on internet. The nature of cyberspace, has no geographic boundaries. Therefore a player can stay at home and conduct cross-border gambling with server who is located in other countries. The advent of online betting is to provide a variety of games such as blackjack, baccarat, and roulette as well as sports betting and to participate in lottery draws. Moreover, players can enter the virtual casino very easily by personal computers for leisure activities, prizes or money. While gambling opportunities are expanding by internet technology, the effects may stimulate an increasing demand for gambling services. According to the Australian Institute of Criminology: Trends Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice (1998) has identified that cyber betting reduce the income of location based gambling industries in terms of detrimental consequences for employment in hotels and clubs. Another possibility, online gambling often occurs in an unregulated manner and effects the feeling of security for the players. However, there are increasing secure on-line financial transactions. Then again, the present trend of Internet betting is casino-style. As a result, many gambling operators are located in countries with relaxed or nonexistent gambling legislation and tax regulations such as Liechtenstein, Antigua, the Cook Islands and the Dominican Republic (Grant Chapman, 1998). 2.3. (E)conomic Impact In every country that has gambling as a legal industry there are both positive and negative effects in the economic impact because the government gets revenue from the tourism, but they also have to take responsibility for the negative effects. For the positive impact, there is an increase in economic development, increase employment, tax revenues, and also increase the number of tourists who accept gambling has become their leisure activity. Governments have to support the development of the gambling industry as driven mainly because of economic need and the generated taxation revenues (Ivanova Atanasova, 2009). Many countries have made gambling a legal industry because they can benefit from gambling which can be highly profitable. To point out that it creates employment, provides high revenues through generating additional taxation and leads to improvement in infrastructure are all positive effects of many countries that are supporting gambling tourism development (Pahor, n.d.). F or example; in the case of Atlantic City, New Jersey, in the United States, the primary purpose of casino gaming was to redevelop the tourist and convention facilities and to improve the infrastructure and tourism capacity (Dunstan, 1997). On the other hand, the negative effects that gambling is closely related to crime, social pathologies and social interruption which government has to respond to with all these effects (Pahor, n.d.). From all these reasons, they show why the heavy social and economic damages caused by the casinos should not be undervalued. For instance, the statistics from Nevada, whose economy is extremely dependent on the gambling industry, are alarming. It has the highest suicide rate in the USA, the highest accident rate (per mile driven) and also the highest rates of crime and school drop out (IVLV, 2010). The legality of the gambling industry and the growing access such as facilities in the current decade has also presented a significant health threat to the local population, mostly in the gambling addiction group. The Australian Productivity Commission research found that the health and social costs of gambling can include (AIGR, 2001): Financial costs (family debts and bankruptcy) Effects on productivity and employment Crime (theft, court cases and imprisonment) Personal and family impacts (divorce and separation, depression and suicide) Treatment costs. 2.4. (E)nvironmental Impact It is essential to examine how the environment is influenced by the gambling sector. For creating a sustainable tourism gambling sector, it is necessary to begin close cooperation with the Environmental Planning Group (EPG). According to Roe, Leader-Williams Dalal Clyton, EPG is focused on environmental planning, resource management and utilization issues. This organisation is oriented on policy-making processes and strategic planning for sustainable development (Roe, Leader-Williams Dalan Clyton, 1997). Moreover, the environment should be monitored continuously as the changes which may occur due to misuse of resources may lead to serious natural disasters (Miller and Twinning-Ward, p. 51). There are famous gambling places in the world such as Nevada, Atlantic City and Monte Carlo. The last city is described by McMillen, 2005 as a model for stimulating regional development which fuelled the proliferation of resort casinos throughout Europe in the middle of 19th century. As gambling attracts wealthy people, it provided a boost to the growth of tourism facilities and infrastructure (McMillen, 2005, p. 243). Since that time the Rivera became a famous place for both rich Europeans and Americans to spend their holidays gambling. As an example the Casino de Monte Carlo became world famous and even the most profitable casino (McMillen, 2005, p. 243) in the whole of Europe. Nevada is the most famous gambling place on the western coast in U.S.A., for example, casinos in Nevada offer full-service resort style holiday (Report to the Nevada Department of Human Resources, 2002, p.13). According to the California Research Bureau, 1995, it was the first city in USA where casino gambling was legalized. (Appendix 1) In comparison with Nevada, Atlantic City is known as the gambling city on the American east coast. The gambling industry in Atlantic City had its inception in 1978 (Braunlich, 1996). This year went down in history as the end of Nevadas virtual monopoly of casino-style gambling (Shonkwiller, 1993). 2.5. (P)olitical Impact In terms of gambling in a reversal of American values, this refers to an ideology of hedonistic consumerism (McMillen, 1996). Therefore gambling tourism as a part of the tourists feelings should be independent of other recreational activities. However, the real gambling industry around the world is controlled by laws, regulations and policies in each destination. In the book Gambling: Views from the Social Sciences by Frey, James H. and Eadington (1984) has also identified that restrictions in gambling are created by laws, for the purpose of protecting the weak minority of compulsive gamblers, as well as, to limit the freedom of choice of the majority. Furthermore the forms of gambling, for instance, lotteries, wagering on racing and charitable gambling are associated with the impacts of local markets, tourism and tourism development especially casino gambling (Pearce Butler, 2002). Due to the fact that a casino operation is related with several national and state jurisdictions. In a part of the local community, gambling represents the ultimate in export-based activities such as appropriating local taxes from casino operators and the direct, indirect and induced impacts of local casino based expenditures. The division of national or government responsibilities also related with the import of tax income and re-exportation of the all negative externalities (Felsenstein Freeman, 2002). These involve gamblers and the nation, for example, gambling induced-addiction, bankruptcy and reduced productivity. Scenario Assortment 3.1. The Short Range Future (next 5 years) The present society acceptance of gambling is a legitimate customer pursuit. In addition there are many newly increased technologies aimmed at bringing gambling into the home. As a result, the future of gambling becomes more localized and less tourist-oriented (Pearce Butler, 1999). 3.1.1 The history of next generation technology In the next 5 years, gambling, internet and touch screen television will be making a new modern world history for the next generation together (Hofex, 2008) which has developed from online gambling tourism and hi-technology facilities. Due to the fact that gambling as a popular leisure and recreation activity coupled with technology which is changing all the time, Interactive touch screen television (ItouchTV) is a convenient facility for betting activities from the comfort of both local communities and tourists places where there are hotels or airplanes. Wherever they are in the gambling tourism destination, Interactive touch screen TV gambling could allow gamblers to place bets by using their fingertip and also directly from their accounts accessed while playing in the casino. Interactive betting through this service is available for every debit and credit world wide accounts such as AMEX, Visa, Master Card and PayPal which account holders can also manage their account, deposit fun ds and check transaction history on ItouchTV (Commonwealth of Australia., 2009). ItouchTV will be developed in every types of interactive gambling include normal events like singing contests or the Oscars through digital pay television and digital free-to-air television service of these gambling destinations. 3.1.2 Critical Assessment for Sustainability Combined with modern technology and sustainable tourism, it can be predicted that addictive behavior will develop for the next generation of gamblers. As gambling and hi-technology TV prepare for a shared future, the number of young gamblers will be increased rapidly because of the ability to access technology at their place easily whether they are local people or tourists. The future social problems will be over represented by gamblers who are under 30 years (Chapman, 1998) because this group of people are fascinated by computer technology and highly literate in its application. Although new modern gambling tourism will much more popular to the next generation of gamblers, it is a new challenge for the government and the private sectors to minimize harm from addictive behaviors and the future social results by offering service providers the abilities of self-exclusion or self-setting betting limits and set the regulation to control the future impact. Under the act, the effectiveness of regulation in the term of prevention and treatment program will be affected to the number of youth gamblers, social gambling impacts and high number of addictive behaviors which all of them have to be decreased. 3.2. The Middle Range Future (next 10 years) To enhance a trend of gambling at home, the gambling industry needs to provide an innovation. This is the reason why there is a variety of new betting games development on the internet to satisfy different customer needs. Whereas gambling forms would not provide a novelty experience if the government had a monopoly ownership in the gambling industry. 3.2.1 Government Gambling versus Privatizing Gambling At this point in time, there are many countries which have granted themselves a monopoly over the gambling marketplace. There are government monopolies of gambling operations and the quality of gambling tourism industry by limiting competitors and maintaining high prices. According to National Gambling Impact Study Commission (1999a) identified the government determines the level and type of competition to be permitted such as granting, amending, and revoking monopolies, and restricting or enhancing competition almost at will. These are also the keys determinants of various industries potential profits and losses. This paper agrees with this and believes consequently it is to limit entrants to a marketplace and new customers can be eliminated. Moreover, private enterprises with diminished competition have reduced incentives to offer a variety of gambling services. It may effect the quality of the products as well. Generally, government-owned gambling operations maintain the objectives for the good of the public. It contrasts with regulations and the principle beneficiary of gambling activities. Due to the fact that the increased public demand also affects high social spending, this pressures governments to spend more of their budgets without increasing personal income taxes. Furthermore, the government would be responsible for the investment budgets of gambling business. While the gambling business is not always successful, so the government risks financial losses. In addition, legalized gambling tourism should be conducted by the private sectors in the future. Because non-government firms have strong incentives to provide better services at reasonable prices. Therefore privatizations lead to better efficiency and the wider availability of products and services. If being unprofitable or closing business, investors ought to be responsible for all losses. In order for business ventures to operate at the expense of the taxplayers, companies must provide reasonably priced products to customers. Alternatively, government is not responsible for any risks of business operations. 3.2.2 Critical Assessment for Sustainability It cannot be denied that government performance is a significant influence for gambling tourism sustainability. There are three possible ways to manage gambling industry. Firstly government may enforce more gambling prohibitions by policing and legislation. Secondly government may permit the operation of private social gambling and open to overseas investment. Thirdly government owns and operates gambling operations as public enterprises. This paper believes public enterprises can enhance gambling industry efficiently in the next 10 years. Casinos in The United States, for example, are organized privatisation as public enterprises: owned by government and operated by the private sector such as casino gaming on ships, casinos on Indian reserves and a combination of destination and casinos which offer a variety of amenities including accommodations and entertainment (Basham White, 2002). The Long Range Future (next 20 years) Nowadays space tourism is not science fiction any more but a luxury leisure activity for the wealthiest people on the planet. It is not only an expensive journey for so-called space tourists but also an important new target for the space industry (Collins, 2006). Collins, 2006 predicted that at a growth rate of some 100,000 passengers per year, the business could reach 700,000 passengers per year by 2017, at a price of about $25,000 per a passenger. Taking into consideration the long-term scenario, 20 years from the present time, tourism activities could have grown to a scale of $100 billion per year which would create millions of job (Collins, 2006). Space tourism will play major role as this recreation activity will bring around $1trillion greater than the value of continued taxpayer funding of space agencies activities without developing space tourism (Collins, 2006). Thus, it is clearly seen the huge capacity for space tourism market. Moreover, the long-term prediction is based on the assumption that gambling will work closely with space tourism industry. Commercial space passengers will have the opportunity to get access to gambling facilities while they are travelling in the cosmic expanse. Future aircrafts will be equipped with the most modern gambling machines and also there would be interactive connection with the Earth planet which will allow the opportunity to space tourists to bet on the races (as example) being held somewhere on the Earth. This prediction is realistic as human nature has a natural penchant to play, risk and competition (Griffiths Delfabbro, 2002, p.5) as well as gambling gives the opportunity to escape from the routine everyday life and take on a new role. In addition most of the wealthy people will always be looking for new kinds of entertainment, so they will be satisfied with the new gamblings offer. 3.3.1. Critical Assessment for Sustainability The major stakeholders such as space tourism association should create efficient sustainable tourism system which will guarantee the harmonious development of space tourism avoiding of severe abuse of space. Also innovations should be implemented gradually and consciously. There are should be no desire to get large revenue as the main goal for space tourism association must be sustainable space study. The reason of organising space tours should be the opportunity to promote the space to the masses. Community should be more educated about space as space tourism may get people interested to learn more about that sector which is still unexplored. Conclusion In conclusion, gambling Tourism has a long history development since twentieth centuries. Although gambling is a public acceptance as recreational activities, but the effects of betting tourism are still controversial issues. The main dilemma of gambling can be analyzed into social, technology, economic, environment and political impacts. Social problems affect both individuals and relationships, for instances, depression, suicide, losing contacts with friends and family. A part of technology analysis, globalization has a big influence of technology development. Gambling at home is a preferable trend of customers, which stress on internet or online betting. The consequence of cyber betting is to reduce the income of location based gambling industries in term of detrimental consequences for employment in hotels and clubs (McMillen, Grabosky, 1998). Alternatively, gambling industry boosts the nation economy tax revenues, increasing amount of tourists and also provide a large numbers of jobs. This reason why government enlarge gambling services to be more attractive especially focusing on environment in term of location and atmosphere by gathering amenities, hotels and entertainment. While political impacts can restrict gamblers pursuits by policies and regulations. Because restrictions of gambling are created by laws f or the purpose of protecting the weak minority of compulsive gamblers as well as limit the freedom of choice of the majority (Frey Eadington, 1984). According to STEEP analysis as above, three possible scenarios were predicted based on time which is consists of short, middle and long range future. The short term prediction believes the next 5 years tend is still home gambling. And also technology development on gaming is prevalence around the world namely Interactive Touch Screen Television (ItouchTV). People will gamble directly on television at home, hotel or airplane. As a result, the future of gambling becomes more localized and less tourist-oriented (Pearce Butler, 1999). While a number of young gamblers are rising as well as social problems such as bankruptcy, depression and gambling addiction. For the middle future assumption, privatizing gambling would be occurred in the next gambling industry. Due to the fact that the efficiency of private sectors can enhances this industry for sustainability. With novelty experiences of privatization offer difference services which satisfy more customer needs, comparing the former management of government monopolized gambling industry. In spite of this, organizing privatisation as public enterprises would be the next 10 years of betting tourism management which refers to owned by government and operated by the private sector. A joint tourism between space and gambling is possibly exposed in the next 20 years. Due to a growth rate of space tourism prediction, it illustrates there are 100,000 passengers per year, the business could reach 700,000 passengers per year by 2017, at a price of about $25,000 per a passenger (Collins, 2006). Then again, the reason of interactive touch screen technology could provide a possibility of space gambling, for example, gambling in a rocket. Over all, the distinctive stakeholder of gambling tourism is government. The reason of this is gambling industry is related with laws, regulations and policies directly. Furthermore, betting business is an ethical issue of individuals and society. Although there are many benefits of this tourism, but also there are several side effects especially social problems as above. This reasons why to do business in gambling tourism industry, will need to consider carefully. List of References Australian Institute for Gambling Research (AIGR). (2001). Social and economic impacts of gambling in New Zealand. Retrieved September 2, 2010, from www.aigr.uws.edu.au Basham, P. and White, K. (2002). Gambling with Our Future?: The Costs and Benefits of Legalized Gambling. The Fraser Institute, Vancouver, CA Braunlich, C. G. (1996). Lessons from the Atlantic City Casino Experience. Journal of travel research. 34(3). 46-56. Chapman, G. S. (1998). Gambling and the internet An Australian overview. Retrieved September 16, 2010, from http://www.aic.gov.au/events/aic%20upcoming%20events/1998/ ~/media/conferences/gambling/chapman.ashx Cochrane, J. (2008). Asian Tourism: Growth and Change. Elsevier Ltd., Amsterdam, Netherland. Collins, P. (2006). The Space Tourism Industry in 2030. Proceedings of Space 2000: The Seventh International Conference and Exposition on Engineering, Construction, Operations, and Business in Space. Commonwealth of Australia. (2009). Digital Interactive TV. Retrieved September 16, 2010, from http://www.fahcsia.gov.au/sa/gamblingdrugs/pubs/review_trends/Documents/chap6.htm Conrady, R. and Buck, M. (2008). Trends and Issues in Global Tourism. Springer, Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Dunstan, R. (1997). Gambling in California. RetrievedÂÂ  September 1, 2010, from http://www.library.ca.gov/crb/97/03/crb97003.html#toc Felsenstein, D. and Freeman, D. (2002). Chapter 6 Gambling on the Border: Casinos, Tourism development, and the prisoners Dilemma. Tourism in Frontier Areas. Lexington Books, Maryland, U.S.A. Frey, J. H. and Eadington W. R. (1984). The Casino Gambling Industry: A Study of political Economy. 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RetrievedÂÂ  September 10, 2010, from http://www.insidervlv.com/didyouknow.html Ivanova, A. and Atanasova, S. (2009). Gambling Tourism in Bulgaria. Retrieved September 1, 2010, from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1523211 McMillen, J. and Grabosky, P. (1998). Internet Gambling. Australian Institute of Criminology: Trends Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. 88, 1-6. McMillen, J. (1996). Gambling Cultures: Studies in History and Interpretation. (1st ed.). Routledge, London. McMillen, J. (2005). Gambling Cultures: studies in history and interpretation. From glamour to grid: the globalization of casinos, 240-246. Miller, G. and Twining- Ward L. Monitoring as an Approach to Sustainable Tourism. Tourism Futures, 51-64. Ministerial Council on Gambling (MCG). (2008). National Framework on Problem Gambling. Retrieved September 2, 2010, from www.facs.gov.au National Gambling Impact Study Commission [NGISC]. (1999a). Executive Summary. U.S.A. Pahor, M. (n.d.). The impact of gambling on social and economic environment in Nova Gorica.ÂÂ  RetrievedÂÂ  September 1, 2010, from http://www.fuds.si/media/pdf/organizacija/ nova.gorica.pahor_.pdf Pearce, D. G. and Butler, R. W. (1999). Contemporary Issues in Tourism Development. Routledge, Canada. Pearce, D. G. and Butler, R.W. (2002). The Spread of Casinos and their Role in Tourism Development. Contemporary Issues in Tourism Development. Routledge, London and New York. Report to the Nevada Department of Human Resources, 2002. Gambling and problem gambling in Nevada, 13-25. Roe, D., Williams, N. and Dalan, C. B. (1997). Take only photographs leave only footprints. IIED Wildlife and Development Series, 10. Sethi P. (1999). Tourism: The Next Generation. J.L. Kumar for Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Shonkwiler, J. C. (1993). Assessing the impact of Atlantic City casinos on Nevada gaming revenues. Atlantic Economic Journal, 21(2), 50-61. Singh S., Timothy D. and Dowling R. (2003). 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