Financial Forecasting Process

Financial forecasting refers to the process of estimating and evaluating the future financial results of the organization based on the current available information.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Financial Forecasting Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the results of financial forecasting, the organization derives the future balance sheets, income statements, and budget statements. These statements are used by the management for decision making. With the help of these statements, both the strategic and tactical plans of the organization can be implemented effectively. In this regard, short-term forecast are more likely to be accurate than the long-term ones. Nevertheless, long-term plans are helpful for the company to make long-term investment both in fixed assets and other important investments (Shim 254). The financial forecasting procedure uses varied models to come up with the anticipated fi nancial statements. An organization could use the Pro forma financial statements or the cash budgeting process. Preparation of the Pro forma financial statements entails the adoption of any of the following concepts: percentage of sales method, external financing needed and financial forecasting equations. Percentage of sales method uses the anticipated sales to make adjustments on the components of the business like assets, finances, and liabilities for the future period.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Accounting for the expected sales, gives the company a clear view of the necessary measures that they should input to achieve such objective (Brigham 345). Similarly, external financing method uses the amt of finance expected to make future returns based on the manner in which they will be used within the organization. Another important concept is the forecasting equati on concept used to determine future financial statements. This concept formulates equations as a model, which takes into consideration all the factors within the organization. These equations therefore are used to make the future predictions of the financial performance and position of the company (Shim 324). Pro forma statements are used for management to identify financial and operating characteristics assumptions that result in different scenarios. This implies therefore that the organization can develop appropriate revenue and expense projections (Brigham 286). By comparing the resulting financial statements of the organisation and its competitors, it can be able determine their financial standing in the marketing in the future. For the short-term plans, the organization needs to make cash budgets that are used for the operation of the company on the day-to-day activities. These budgets enable the organization to make allocation of the funds to the current spending and expenses incurred.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Financial Forecasting Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Effective budgets facilitate the transparency and accountability of the financial transactions in the organization (Bomhoff 245). Additionally, it represents whether the expenses of the company is in relation to the returns being generated. The analysis of the pro forma statements and the cash budgets indicate that both are suitable for long term and short-term plan purposes respectively. In this regard, the pro forma statements are prone to inaccuracy since it involves the prediction of the future, which is uncertain (Ross 248). On the contrary, cash budget forecasts give a clear and concise means of the generation and expenditure of the funds in the organization. Despite this, pro forma statements are very critical for appropriate estimation of the likelihood financial standing in the company. The pro forma statements at times enable the organisation to prepare cash flow projections, which becomes a benefit for determining the financial position of the company. Notably, the statements are very crucial despite some their exposure to the frequent changes in the accounting principles and policies (Bomhoff 354). Nonetheless, pro forma statements facilitate the review of the decisions in the management functions of the company. This therefore implies that the company can assess the impact of profitability and liquidity of the organisation. Finally, pro forma financial statements are necessary for the prediction of future for the success of the company. Works Cited Bomhoff, Eduard Jan. Financial forecasting for business and economics. London: Academic Press, 1994. Print.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brigham, Eugene F., Louis C. Garpenski, and Philip R. Daves. Intermediate financial management. 10. ed. Mason, OH: South-Western, 2010. Print. Ross, Stephen A.. Modern financial management. 8th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2008. Print. Shim, Jae K., and Joel G. Siegel. Financial management. 3rd ed. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron’s Educational Series, 2008. Print. This assessment on Financial Forecasting Process was written and submitted by user Brenna Rosario to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Look at Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks

A Look at Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks Free Online Research Papers Two historical figures that I think are very important are Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. These historical figures have many things in common, but they also have their differences. One main thing they had in common was that they were both brave enough to take some actions to change the way of living for the better. Their main goal was to stop the horrible segregation that was occuring in the mid 1900s. Their brave actions were successful and they had a huge impact on the U.S. They had different ways of taking their actions but either way they were a big help to the many other African Americans that experienced segregation of public facilities at that time. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. Rosa Parks, whos birth name is Rosa Louise McCauley, was born on February 4, 1913 in Tuskegee, Alabama. They were both raised a little different. King had the advantage of being raised by both his mother and father, while Parks parents seperated when she was young. They also recieved very different educations. King recieved a solid education and even attended College. Parks didnt have the chance to even finish High School. She had to drop out as a Junior in High School because since her mother and her were living with her grandparents, Parks had to leave school to attend to her sick grandmother. After that she never returned and instead got a job at a shirt factory in Montgomery. She soon married a barber named Raymond Parks who was a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). With his support, Parks finished her high school degree in 1933 and became one of the leaders of the NAACP. Both historical figures had the goal of ending segregation but they had different motivations. Rosa Parks motivation was that she was tired of having to give up her seat to white passengers in public buses. At that time the city code required that all public transportation be segregated and that bus drivers had the power of a police officer to carry out the provisions of the code. African Americans had to sit at the back of the bus while whites sat in the front. If the bus got too crowded, African Americans had to give up their seat for any standing white people. Rosa Parks wanted to put a stop to this and on December 1, 1955, she did. On that day she had a long day of work at the Montgomery Fair department store. She boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus for home. The bus had became crowded so the bus driver ordered her to get up and give her seat to a white person. Rosa parks refused to so she was arrested and found guilty at trial. After learning about her arrest, other members of the NAACP began to organize a boycott of Montgomerys city buses. All African Americans stood off the buses and instead found other ways of transportation. This boycott was a success and it crippled the transit companys finances. The city of Montgomery now had no choice but to lift the law requiring segregation on public buses. These legal actions with the help of the African American community made the 382-day Montgomery Bus Boycott one of the largest and most successful movements against racial segregation in history. Martin Luther King Jrs motivation was his summer experience in the North before he started college. He was shocked by how peacefully the races mixed in the North. This experience deepened his growing hatred of racial segregation. After marrying Coretta Scott in 1953, King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. When the Montgomery Bus Boycott started, after Rosa Parks arrest, King was elected the leader. He was well-trained and since he was new in town, he didnt have any enemies and was well respected. Although his home was desroyed and his familys safety was threatened, he continued to lead the boycott and one year and a few weeks later, the citys buses were desegregated. He didnt stop there, he then organized the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). King lectured in all parts of the country and discussed race-related issues with civil-rights. His most famous was the I Have A Dream speech. In late October he was arrested with 33 young people protesting segregation at the lunch counter in an Atlanta department store. King was released only with the help of a Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy. As King had hoped, all these actions together had a strong effect on national opinion and resulted in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act authorized the federal government to enforce desegregation of public accommodations and outlawing discrimination in publicly owned facilities and in employment. Aside from these differences, these two historical figures have many similarities. They were both raised during the time of racial segregation. They experienced so much hatred from these racist white people. This encouraged both of them to stand up and demand their rights as citizens. They were both important members of the NAACP and they actually worked together too. They did all they needed to do to get their freedom. Their actions placed both of them in jail but once they were out they continued to work even harder for their freedom. They were both big parts in the ending of segregation. Even after their death , they were both known as very respected and loved individuals. 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Literature Review- Discuss some of the historical,social,economic and Essay

Literature Review- Discuss some of the historical,social,economic and political reasons many Quebecois support the notion of a s - Essay Example The more intriguing aspect is the whole issue of Quebec’s cultural distinctiveness, and that lack of this recognition places Quebecers as disadvantaged in many respects in favor of the English-Canadian majority. Based on this is a fight for cultural survival (Young et al, 1996). Historically, the fact that Canada’s foundation as a colony of France and thereby, the undying influence of French-Canadian culture, it is widely explanatory for Canada to exist without Quebec. However, a number of people profoundly assert that independence of Quebec would ensure that there are legislations that would secure Quebecers culture (Flett. et al., 1999). In addition, there is the increasing question as to whether Quebec’s independence and sovereignty would bridge the gap between the cultural nations that exist in the larger Canada, while ensuring equality and stability in Canada in a manner that no section is marginalized (Young et al, 2000). Socially, Canada is the envy of the world’s democracies due to its elaborate provision of quality of life, rights, and liberties to its citizens, both English-speaking and French-speaking. In this case, those opposed to separation use this argument to claim that separation of Quebec from Canada will not only divide them from their historical homeland, but also will lead to Quebecers losing the health and other human services that comprise the world’s most successful social structure. However, proponents of separation argue that the separation will only create a new political state but Quebec will continue relating with Canada diplomatically. Economically, the issues that have been raised revolve around monetary policy, currency, international trade, and relations (Carens, 1995). These factors, coupled with the need of Quebec to engage in international free trade, have upset the status quo. Political reasons surrounding the separation debates are many. One of the obvious political events that inform Queb ec’s need for sovereignty lies in the political movements that support separation (Flett. et al., 1999). Secondly, the Referendum outcome might have angered the Quebecers. In this case, Flett et al. (1999) observe that residents of Canada went through an ‘extraordinary turmoil’ on October 30, 1995, when the province, Quebec, conducted a referendum of separation from the larger Canada. They assert that the possibility that Quebec would likely secede was a real threat to the English Speaking Canadians (Bumsted, 1993). Flett et al (1999) observe that, since opinion polls had indicated that indeed Quebec would separate, the rest of Canadians were threatened and ‘distressed’ until the results were announced. It was in this threat that Young et al (1998) observe as seeing many Canadians participating in pre-referendum campaign championing for national unity, a move that is seen to have influenced that result at 50.4%. The authors argue, however, that the r esult was highly dramatized and this has been one of the reasons that have fueled Quebec’s constant need to secede (Flett et al., 1999). Despite the failure of separation to materialize, the Canadian Federal Government is aware that a number of people still fancy such separation, driven by the resulting economic and political benefits. Therefore, they tried to formulate another deal with the Quebec people such as the Constitution Act of 1982, an act that included,

Organizational Culture Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Culture Case Study - Essay Example Effective leadership keeps a vigilant eye on the organizational culture and if any of the loopholes surfaces, leaders are the first one to react to it. CASE STUDY: As far as, adopting new organizational culture if the previous one is not workable anymore is concerned, there is no harm in it (Collins and Porras 1994) but it is very important to review each corner and touch every single ground of facts and figures before changing it, though it is undoubtedly a tough job to bring each follower on to a new pattern (Paul F. Clark, 2009). Similarly, in the case study â€Å"Cultural Change at Scientific Research Administration† we have observed that there was an immediate need to change of an organizational culture because the outcomes were not as good as expected. There were certain things that weren’t turning out the way it was foreseen. The most important things which were needed to be rectified were the unsatisfactory response from the customers, ineffective coordination, and budget failure. (Schein 1999) narrates the effective strategies for bringing the cultural change in an organization, which says that unfreezing of old cultures and creating motivation among followers to adopt and bring in positive change to enhance the organizational performance, keep connectivity with the old culture and articulate charismatic leadership with a blend of altruism, analysis of previous and future plans to bring realistic and concrete cultural change. The most important is assuring psychological safety through formal or informal group training by skilled coaches. CRITICAL REFLECTIONS: It is the process of reexamining and analyzing previous organizational experiences in a broader context. In this case study we can see that the previous values were a weak composition of values to be followed, like: No one owns the problem: This was a serious concern that if no one would own the problem then who would respond to the repercussions or who would be held responsible for an ill outcome. We react to the customer: In business organization, this is no less than an offence that a person who is paying to get the work done will ultimately get nothing if the work is not done accordingly. All accommodations or fire fighting should be done within and customers should get the work at its best. Here comes altruism that a leader helps an individual to get the work done with an ultimate goal of organizational wellness. Costs are someone else problem: Collaborative and transformational leadership execute that team will enjoy the outcome of a successful project which involves that each follower is responsible for the success and it is because of the team effort then how come cost management could be someone else problem. Altruistic Leadership Behavior can be defined as executing others selflessly with an ultimate goal of improving followers’ robustness in favor of organizations’ wellbeing. The ideology of being selfless was under debate and different philosophers had different perceptions over. It is being discussed by Clary & Snyder, 1999; that Altruistic is all about self interest embedded in altruism which can be selfish as well at the same time. However, Chinese Thinker and a Philosopher, Confucius believes that it is based on reciprocity which is like doing good to somebody and expects the same from

Introduction To Space Technology Information Technology Essay

Introduction To Space Technology Information Technology Essay Without them, space exploration would be impossible. Rockets and space shuttles help transport people to space. Satellite telescopes and space stations help people explore space. They also help us understand space better by taking pictures of stellar objects. The ISS International Space Station has begun constructed in 1998.It will house up to 700 astronauts with a connection of modules as two football fields. There might also be a satellite that can take pictures far beyond what we have today. (1) Highly developed space technologies are required to make possible many potential space activities and to less the cost and improve the performances of others. The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, which created the NASA, directed the Agency to accomplish the Nations Civil Space Activities to contribute significantly to the preservation of the role of the United States as a leader in Aeronautical and Space Sciences and Technology. (2) We all know the importance of satellite based technology in our daily lives as well as conventional military hard ware. After the cold war the development of satellites and electronic warfare technology enter into force of almost every field of conventional warfare. The usage of satellite technology primarily concerns and tactical advantages based on satellite surveillance, communication affect the opponents in conventional war. The problem of poor visibility or bad weather does not affect satellite weapons such as joint direct munitions (JDAM) and joined stand off weapon (JSOW). These weapons can be deployed in all weather condition without the need of any ground support it works upon GPS. Development of Pakistans space program: The Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) also known as the Pakistan Space Agency of the Pakistani government, responsible for nations public space program. SUPARCO was established on September 16, 1961 by the order of President Muhammad Ayub Khan on the advice of its founding director, Abdus Salam. (3) History: Pakistans mission to pursue peaceful space technology began in the early 1960s.It was Dr. Abdus Salams advice to the president of Pakistan to establish a National Space Agency of Pakistan. It was decided to set up a committee dealing with Space Sciences. A Space Science Research Wing of the Pakistans Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC ) was established through an Executive order of the President of Pakistan General Ayub Khan which was addressed to Dr.I H Usmani , the chairman of PAEC . The program of rocket firings was entrusted to the chairman of PAEC. (4) Dr. Abdus Salam was appointed its first chairman. On June 7 1962, under the leadership of Air Cdre. Wladyslaw Jozef Marian Turowicz, a two stage rocket, Rehbar-I was launched from the Sonmiani Satellite Launch Center. Pakistan was the third country in Asia and the tenth in the world to conduct such a launching. (5) The United States launch first rocket from Pakistani soil. The launch used the combination of two US rocket motors the NIKE CAJUN launched from Sonmiani, 50 Km west from Karachi .( 6 ) The rocket reached an altitude of almost 130 Km. The US Space Agency NASA hailed the launch at the beginning of a program continuing co-operation in space research of mutual interest. The NASA SUPARCO co-operation agreement called for the training of Pakistani scientists and technicians at Guddard space flight center and Wallops Island NASA also set up research associates and fellowship programs at American universities. In 1981 SUPARCO planed Astronautic program with NASA. But due to the space shuttle challenger incident the program was p ut on hold. Later it was cancelled in 1990. (6) On 8 March 1966, President Ayub Khan constituted SUPARCO as a separate organization. Dr Abdus Salam , along with Dr. W J M Turowicz, led a team of aerospace engineers and rocket scientists to design a Rehbar sounding rocket series.(7) Dr Abdus Salam also established space centers in different cities of Pakistan like Karachi and Lahore. He also initiated an aerospace engineering program in SUPARCO. He was one of the pioneering figures in the 1960s to lead Pakistan in the space power world. He knows the importance of space and nuclear technology his efforts were also involved in the development and installation of high powered astronomical telescope at Karachi University. He also established aero space engineering course at PAF Academy.(8) Though the Pakistani space program was frozen several times like in 1970s, by the government of Pakistan , President Yahya Khan and PM Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto froze it more than a decade then again in 1993s both nuclear and space program due to economic depression. This space program was defreeze by then President General Pervaiz Mussharraf and the agency developed a satellite development program rapidly but on the other hand Indian space Research organization(ISRO) progress very well as ESA, NASA and Chinese space agency. SUPARCO faced strict sanctions on the import of various materials required to manufacture and launch rockets during early 90s from USA and Russia. The delay of Russian launch vehicle also resulting the long delay for th e launch of Badr B, Pakistans second satellite, These events had an immense impact on SUPARCOs plan to launch and place its own satellite in orbit. (9) Beside the talented space and nuclear scientists Pakistan followed the policy of deliberate ambiguity for many decades. Thats why its still unclear what the plans and operations as well as the capability of SUPARCO and its facilities are? Comparison of Pakistan and India space program: Badr -1: SUPARCO with the help of Amateur Radio Society started building the small Amateur radio satellite in late 1986. Badr -1 was planned to be launched on the US Space Shuttle, but Challenger explosion and consequent delay in American flight changed the plan. (10) Badr -A was Pakistans first indigenously developed satellite and was launched from the Xichang Launcher Center, China on July 16, 1990 aboard a Chinese Long March 2E rocket. Badr- 1 weighted 150 pounds. It was designed for a circular orbit at 250- 300 miles altitude, the satellite successfully completed its designed life. (11) Badr -B: Pakistans second satellite was Badr -B .It was an earth observation satellite and was launched on 10 December 2001 on a Zenit 2 rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. It was designed by Space Innovations Limited from the UK. (12) Pakistan has only operated one small satellite in LEO; the countrys modest space program has long been leaning toward remote sensing applications. A data processing infrastructure has been established to exploit earth observation data transmitted by Land sat, NOAA, and SPOT satellites. Further SUPARCO is preparing for the commercial launch of a simple Pakistani satellite with earth imaging capabilities. It was expected that SUPARCO would launch the second Badar -II satellite in1993 but target was not achieved. The Badr -II will help Pakistan in making of infrastructure for space competent system and achievement of know how and capability in the field of satellite attitude control. (12) PakSat-1: PakSat-1 was Pakistans first geostationary satellite. The satellite was initially known as Palapa C1 and was designed to serve Indonesia after an electronics failure, it was renamed Anatolia 1 and then renamed again to PakSat-1i in 2002.it was originally manufactured by Boeing and used the HS 601 spacecraft design. It was launched on February 1, 1996. (13) PakSat-1 currently severing a number of regional customers including, TV broadcasters, telecom companies, data and broad band internet services providers as well as government organizations. PakSat-1 will be replaced before its end of life by PakSat- 1R to ensure continuity of service. (14) PakSat- 1R Satellite: PakSat- 1R Satellite will replace the existing paksat -1 in 2010.under the agreement Telesat will help the Pakistani agency find a manufacturer, technical and commercial advice and also to help supervise the construction of new satellite and monitor the launch and in-orbit testing services. Haft Ballistic Missile Project: Despite of space program SUPARCO initiated Pakistan nuclear missile development program in early 1980s.scientists from KRL and SUPARCO developed colaboratlly Haft missiles series. It was reviled in 1989.with the successful launch of an indigenous multi stage rocket into the deep space. Which was said 480 Km deep into the space. Recently SUPARCO has tested two high altitude hyper sonic sounding rockets (Shaper and Rakhnum). This is claimed to be a 3 stage liquid fuel rocket and get the altitude of 1000 Km. (15) Shaheen III satellite launch vehicle (SLV): Its a 3 stage SLV and can carry the payload of 100 Kg to an orbit of 450-500 km above earth surface. (16) Indian Space Research Organization: The national space program was formally organized in 1972 with the formation of space commission, the department of space (DOS) and Indian space organization (ISRO) to promote the development and application of space technology and socio economic benefit of the country. Space commission is the policy making body and these policies are implemented by department of space .research and development activities are carried out through Indian space research orgnisation.the over all co-ordination of the space program is carried out by program offices of ISRO in different areas like satellite communication, earth observation systems, space sciences, launch vehicles, international co-operation and industrial co-ordination etc. (17) Major establishments of the department of space include: National remote sensing agency (NRSA): NRSA located in Haiderabad is an antonymous institution supported by department of space .its main task is acquisition, processing and distribution of data from remote sensing satellites. It has an earth station that receives data from Indian remote sensing satellites, US-LANDSAT and NOAA, French SPOT and also acquires micro wave data from European remote sensing satellite (ERS).NRSA is also responsible for Indian institute at Dehradun.(17) b) Physical research laboratory (PRL): it is located at Ahmadabad. It is a premier center for research in space and allied sciences. PRLs main research areas are ASTRONOMY, ASTRO PHYSICS, PLANETARY ATMOSPHERE, EARTH SCIENCES, SOLAR SYSTEMS STUDIES and THEORETCIAL PHYSICS. It also manages solar observatory at Udaipur. c) National mesosphere -stratosphere troposphere radar facility (NMRF): this facility conducts atmospheric research and also available for national and international scientists.(17) d) Vikram sarabhai space center (VSSC): it is located at Thiruvanthapuram. It is the main establishment for all rockets and launch vehicle programs. Its major research areas are Aeronautics, Launch Vehicles, Avionics, Propellants, and Composites, Solid propulsion, mechanical computers and system reliability.(17) e) ISRO Satellite center (ISAC): ISAC is the lead establishment in research and development of satellite technology. Its main areas of activities are Power systems, Digital systems, communications, Microwaves, Thermal systems, Space craft mechanisms, Assembly and testing. It also carries out research and development in the field of Electro optic sensors and other relevant systems of satellites.(17) f)Shar center : Shar Center is located in Sriharikota (Tamilnado)is the main launch center of ISRO. It acquired all facilities required for a launch mission including range instrumentation, mission analysis, range safety, and meteorology. This center also has the facilities for processing and ground testing solid propellant motors required for launch vehicles. Shar also operates the launch ranges at Kerala. (18) g) Liquid propulsion systems center (LPSC): the activities of LPSC are carried out at different places like Bangalore Thiruvanthapuram. h) Space application center (SAC): Space application center is located at Ahmadabad. Its major areas of activity consist of satellite communication and remote sensing. Including micro wave remote sensing .it also operates Delhi Earth station for satellite communication. (18) i) ISRO Telemetry, tracking and command network (ISTRAC): This establishment provides mission support nearer satellites and launch vehicle missions. It has also established a vast network of ground stations at Bangalore, Lucknow, port blar, siriharikota, tamilnado , bears lake ,Mauritius and many others . j)Development and educational communicational unit (DECU): it is located at Ahmadabad. It is involved in conception, definition, planning, and implementation and socio economic evaluation of space application.(19) k) INSAT Master control facility (MCF): INSAT Master control facility is located at Hassan Karnatka.it is responsible for all post launch operations on INSAT satellites which includes orbit Manoeubres , station keeping and on orbit operation of the space craft.(19) l) ISRO Inertial system unit (IISU): It is located at Thiruvanthapuram. Its area of research and development includes navigation systems, satellites inertial systems integration and simulation of inertial systems, bearing and space technology.(19) m)Antrix Corporation limited: it is marketing agency under the department of space which markets satellite components and sub systems. It also provides satellite fabrication, launch services and tracking facilities. (20) Major technological programs and achievements: From a Modest beginning in 1963 with the launch of small rocket from Thumba Thiruvanthapuram, Indian space program has come along way. Today Indian national satellite system (INSAT)and the Indian remote sensing satellite system (IRS)are the vital elements of national infra structure for telecommunication , television broad casting, meteorology , survey and management of resources are now designed and build indegiousnly INSAT satellite system. It is one of the largest domestic satellite systems in the world today. INSAT Systems got a substantial boost in 1999-2000 with the commission of INSAT- 2E and the planned launch of first two INSAT 3 A and INSAT 3 V of the five satellite series. It also extended C-band transponders. (21) IRS Satellite Systems: An Indian remote sensing satellite system comprises a constellation of four satellites. IRS Satellite Systems provides remote sensing services. Data provided by these satellites is put to use for application like agricultural crop acreage and yield estimation, ground water targeting, identification of waste land for possible reclamation, forest survey snow melting, mineral prospects, thematic mapping, and urban planning environmental monitoring and so on. Data from IRS Satellite is also acquired and used by several other countries like Korea, Japan, Thailand, Europe and Dubai under commercial agreements. The IRS series includes OCEAN SAT, CARTOSAT and RESOURCESAT and many others.(21) Satellite Launch Vehicles: ISRO has made substantial progress in the development of launch vehicle. The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) has already became operational with the successful launch of IRS 1.it is also plan to launch all future satellites in the IRS series by this vehicle. The PSLV is also being offered other countries to launch their satellites. A beginning was made by launching IRS -P4 (OCEAN SAT) PSLV-C2 was used to launched two small satellites namely the Korean (KISAT) and the German TUBSAT as pay load.(21) Part 2: Militarization of space: Space plays an increasing role in military activities. Over 800 satellites orbit the earth, many of which have military uses, from reconnaissance to guiding weapon systems. Satellites are the main focus of military activities. They are widely used to provide support for military or security related activities such as verifying compliance with arms control treaties. They are also increasingly used to provide direct support for military operations. During the 2004 Iraq war, 68% of munitions were satellite guided. (22) Right from the beginning satellite has an important military role during war time as well as in peace time.dependance on them is increased dramatically in last two decades. The previous methods of reconnaissance, communication, remote sensing etc are largely responsible for increasing role of military satellites. Some of the most commonly military satellite applications are; Reconnaissance and intelligence gathering functions. Command and communication Navigation satellites Early warning satellites Meteorological satellites Nuclear detection satellites (23) 1: Reconnaissance and intelligence gathering functions: The most known types of military satellites are these used to verify the extant and the composition of military forces. The most important role of Reconnaissance and intelligence gathering satellites is the verification of the agreed limitation of strategic arms and monitoring of new military developments. It is achieved by a variety of electronic and photo graphic means. Command and communication: Command and communication is one such application the satellites today meant for the purpose can provide instant communication between the operational forces and their national command authorities irrespective of the distance or time of the day. (23) Navigation satellites: The Navigation satellites are capable of providing data to enable position fixing with an accuracy of few meters. Early warning satellites: The role of these satellites is to detect the exhaust of rising ICBMs. These satellites carry large telescopes and television cameras to transmit photos of detected ICBMs.(24) Meteorological satellites: Uses of these satellites like weather forecast have been earlier benefits of space program. The weather satellites not only provide long range forecast for military planners, they also play a key roll in reconnaissance satellites. They provide advance information to the mission planners of reconnaissance satellite on whether the target area will be clear of clouds cover or not. When the reconnaissance satellite makes its plan, this eliminates the wastage of reconnaissance film.(24) Nuclear detection satellites: The idea of nuclear detection using satellites originated by USA. While finding ways to police a nuclear test ban treaty. The solution came in the form of Wela satellites. This has the capability of detection a nuclear explosion at the distance of Venus or Mars and reports its yield and other characteristics. What now after 1970 IMEWS (integrated missile early warning satellites) had taken over its place. (24) How India can weaponise space to effect conventional and strategic forces: ISRO opposed military applications for duel use projects such as SLV3, (satellite launch vehicle- 3) .Ultimately the defense research and DRDO based missile program headed by Dr. Abdul Kalam who was the project in charge of SLV3 at ISRO, DRDO borrowed him with other scientists and other technology resources from ISRO directly for Indian missile program at DRDO where Dr. Abdul Kalam designed the Agni missile using the SLV 3 solid first stage and liquid fuel second stage (Prithvi Missile derived). IRS and INSAT were mainly intended and used for civilian economic purposes. They also offered military spinoff in 1996.ministary of defense blocked the use of IRS 1 C by the Indian environment and agriculture ministry in order to monitor ballistic missile near Indian borders. Indian air forces doctrine also aspired to use space assets for surveillance and battle management. (25) Satellite navigations allow precision in the delivery of weapons targets, increasing their lethality. Satellite navigations can be regarded as a force multiplier. Satellite navigations also allow forces to be directed and locate themselves more easily in the fog of war. According to the report by IANS February 9th 2010 India is developing an intelligence satellite for detecting conversations and espionage activities. According to Defense electronics research laboratory (DERL) Rupees 10 billion has been allocated in for this project in cooperation with ISRO. The satellite will be fitted with the electronic sensors are more powerful than the remote sensors satellites of ISRO. Space craft should be ready to launch by 2014. Anti-Satellites Weapons: According to a TV press briefing during the 97th Indian science conference the director general DRDO announced that India is developing lasers and Exo-Atmospheric Kill Vehicle that would be combined to produce a weapon to destroy enemy satellites in orbit. (26) Later in February 10 2010 DG DRDO and Scientific advisor Dr V K Saraswat said that India has all the building blocks necessary to integrate an anti- satellite weapon to neutralize the hostile satellites in low earth and polar orbits. He also said that the propulsion module and kill vehicles already existed in principle on the Agni missile series .he also said India doesnt had a formal anti-satellite weapon as yet, however anti- satellite weapons could be developed as the part of Indian Ballistic missile program which would be completed in 2014. (27) India also identified development of ASAT for electronic and physical destruction of satellites. In both LEO and the higher GEO synchronous orbits in its long term prospective plan s (2012-2027). (28) Launch capabilities: Geopolitical and economic positions during 1960s and 1970s forced India to start its own launch vehicle program. At its first days from 1960-70 India successfully developed a sounding rocket program. (29) By the 1980 the search yielded the satellite launch vehicle 3 and the more advanced augmented Satellite launched vehicle (ASLV) completed with operational supporting infrastructure. ISRO applied its capabilities and resources for the advancement of launch vehicle technology resulting in creation of polar satellite launch vehicle and geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV). 1: Satellite launch vehicles (SLVs) SLV was a four stage solid fuel light launcher. It was intended to reach the height of 500 Km and can carry the pay load of 40 Kg. (30) Augmented satellite launch vehicle (ASLV): It was a five stage solid propellant rocket with the capability of placing a 150 Kg satellite in to LEO.THIS PROJECT WAS STARTED BY THE ISRO in early 1980s for the pay load to be placed into geostationary orbit. Its design was based on SLV later it was decommissioned in 1994. (31) 2: Polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV): It was an expandable launch system developed to launch Indian remote sensing satellites into sun synchronous orbits .PSLVs can also launch small satellites in geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The reliability of PSLV is proven by that it has launched 30 spacecrafts 14 Indian and 16 from other countries into a verity of orbits. (32) It also successfully launched 10 satellites at a time in April 2008 by making a new world record previously held by Russia. (33) 3: Geo synchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV): It is also an expandable launch system to enable India to launch its INSAT type satellites in to the orbit by making India less depending on other foreign rockets. It is the ISROs heaviest SLV which is capable of five tons payload to low earth orbit. (34) 4: Geo synchronous satellite launch vehicle Mark III (GSLV): It is a launch vehicle under development by ISRO which is capable to launch heavy satellites in geostationary orbits. Due to this development India will become non dependent for heavy lifting on foreign rockets. Its first flight is schedule in 2011. (35) Satellites launched by South Asian Countries: Till 2008 India launched 34 satellites indigenously or by other countries help. On the other hand Pakistan has launched 5 payloads in the orbits. Where as China has launched 83 payloads. (36) Areas of concern: In December 2006indian defense establishment conducted the first test of its missiles defense capabilities, in which an interceptor PAD destroyed a Prithvi SRBM at a height of roughly 50 Km. DRDO chief M Nataranjan stated that it was a major achievement of India although he acknowledged it would be some time before India might possess an anti-satellite capability.(37) Following the PAD anti-missile test, India conducted 13th test of BrahMos cruise missile. However it has not been able to develop a military satellite for the armed forces, along -standing demand of the latter. The military satellite projects being developed in cooperation with ISRO (38) When India will achieve its aims of armed forces military satellites that would be a highly vulnerable time for Pakistan. How Pakistan can respond: Pakistan is surrounded by two symbiotic (China India) and also Iran who is struggling in missile and space program. These countries have affected missile systems and satellite networks. To counter with these elements Pakistan must have an effective missile delivery system as well as effective missile defense systems. Both of these systems could not achieve the maximum results without any military satellite network. Reconnaissance and spying of the ground based troops, their movements and jamming or intercepting enemys network. All these elements based on spy satellites. To monitor the launch of enemys ballistic missile we should get thermal imaging capable satellites. In modern warfare systems all the three services should be interlinked with the battle fields with the help of sensors radars and communication satellites for the early warning and central command and control. Smart weapons like JADAMs their acquiring will be an asset for air force in this expensive race. Part 3: Economic effects of space race between India and Pakistan: The ISRO will receive 57.78 billion rupees ($1.25 bn) for 2010.its a 38 % increase over last year. 21 billion Rs will go to launch vehicle technology development while satellite technology will receive 10 billion Rs, a 45 % increase over the 2009 fund.(http//:www.space.com/news/india-space-budget-increase-sn-100315.html) Budget of SUPARCO in 2009 was 3.12 billion rupees for its four on going projects in the next fiscal year. Rs 1.764 billion for PakSat-1R. Rs 100 million for the development of environment validation and testing (EVT) Satellite. Rs 84 for intelligence development and capacity building in satellite engineering and technology etc. (39) Both (India Pakistan) are the nations with one of the poorest populations in the world who are investing billions of dollars into space missions and satellite launches. Instead to over come the poverty both are neglecting the core issue. Pakistan has no comparison with India in space race and without a doubt Pakistan can not afford the space race. How Indian developments are being seen by international world especially China and USA: The India Space Program considered being a sign of an Indian effort which can maintain some measure of equality with China on the world stage or to create its own claim to great power status. Because its still behind China. There has been increasing debate of an Asian space race among China, India, and Japan to explore the lunar surface. India has over 40 years of experience in space and has achieved a comparatively strong and mature capability in space applications. In technological terms, Indian space program is roughly comparable with Chinas program except in human spaceflight and exploration. While India spends a bit more than Russia does on its space program. The percentage of GDP that India devotes to space is second to USA. India moves to advance internationalize space exploration and any cooperation with USA or Russia, will have a major impact on space exploration throughout the next decade and beyond. Although India cant have strategic parity with China, but the Chinese ASAT test has highlighted a new Indian vulnerability, as the country is about to develop in coming years modern military observation and communication satellites. Conflict between India and Pakistan, with the potential of nuclear armed missiles exchange remains a source of international concern. In such conflict , to de-escalate the crisis China can provide reconnaissance to Pakistan, of Indian troops movements and mobile- missile deployments would be crucial for india. While using its ASAT on behalf of its ally to blind India could be a serious concern for India. To counter these threats India can seek reinforce intelligence ties to USA and Russia to use their capabilities which China might be reluctant to target. (40) Conclusion: As the comparison of India and Pakistan we can clearly see that Indias space and nuclear program is going by every means. Whether it is spying satellites or deployments of other countries spy satellites like Israel or its anti- satellite programs. All these areas of concerns destabilized the integrity of Pakistan as well as other countries like Iran and China. International community can create obstacle in permissions and clearances for Pakistans nuclear and missiles due to Israel and Indian influence on world community. But the thing is that India has a clear intention to advance its space and nuclear program, Pakistan will have to take countermeasures which will include deploying its own satellites and there is risks that in this respect may it provoke a space race that neither can afford. NOTES: 1:http://libary.thinkquest.org/j0112540/spacetek/index.html 2: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6068page=5 3: history of SUPARCO 4: http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp 5: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6068page=5 6:http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/Pakistan/hataf.html 7: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6068page=5 8: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6068page=5 9: history of SUPARCO 10: http://www.fas.org/ssp/guide/pakistan/earth 11: http://www.fas.org/ssp/guide/pakistan/earth 12: http://www.fas.org/ssp/guide/pakistan/earth 13: http://www.paksat.com.pk/ 14: http://www.paksat.com.pk/ 15: http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/Pakistan/hataf.html 16: (http//:en.wikipedea.org/wiki/space and Upper atmosphere Research commission 17: Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 344 18:Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 345 19:Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 347 20:Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 350 21:http://www.isro.org/lahnchvehicles/GSLVMARKIII/mark3.aspx 22: (POST note December 2006 # 273) 23: Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 354 24:Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 356 25: mistry, 94-95 26: peter B de seldingindia developing anti-satellite spacecrafts space .com 27: India developing weapon systems to neutralize enemys satellites Xinhua Newsagency.2010-01-03.reterived 2010 -01-03 28: http//:timesofindia.indiatimes .com/india/india-to-gear-up-4- star-wars/articles/show/5970384.cms) 29: http://www.isro.org/lahnchvehicles 30:ISRO vehicles. Jean

The Atkins Diet as Treatment for Children with Epilepsy :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Atkins Diet as Treatment for Children with Epilepsy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eric H. Kossoff and other scientists at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions published the article â€Å"Efficacy of the Atkins diet as therapy for intractable epilepsy† which describes their experiment using the Atkins diet as therapy to reduce the number of seizures for children with epilepsy. Along with a variety of medications, the Ketogenic diet is also used as therapy to help epileptic patients control their seizures. The Ketogenic diet is similar to starvation in a sense that it only allows patients to consume an approximate of 1,500 calories a day, which is 25% less than the recommended daily allowance of 2,000 calories. Patients that use the Ketogenic diet consume a high fat, moderate protein, and low carbohydrate diet to induce a medical condition called ketosis. This condition is caused when the body does not have enough carbohydrates to complete the metabolism of fat leaving ketone bodies and it is believed that ketosis is responsible for controlling the seizures from occurring so frequently. The Atkins diet is much more flexible restricting only carbohydrates and allowing unlimited consumption of fats, proteins, and calories; therefore inducing the same medical condition, ketosis. Since both types of diet produces the same ketotic state and serves the same function to reduce the frequency of seizures, Kossoff and the other scientist hopes that the Atkins diet can be used as an alternative than the Ketogenic diet for children with epilepsy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Four patients under the age of 18 were involved in the experiment conducted by Kossoff and other scientists at John Hopkins to test if the Atkins diet can be used as a substitute instead of the Ketogenic diet to stimulate ketosis. In order to help all the patient transit smoothly the scientists did not change any of the medications that the patients were already on for the first two months. To assess the difference between the Ketogenic diet and the Atkins diet, scientists recorded the weight and

Investigating Meaningful Teaching Essay

Investigating Meaningful Teaching Daniel Bowen Grand Canyon University Special Education Foundation and Framework SPE-330 May 26, 2011 Investigating Meaningful Teaching Investigating what meaningful teaching is it is having teachers that are willing to teach to the whole student by having patience, compassion and developing a meaningful relationship with their students. Being a positive influence and having effective classroom management. An effective teacher is a teacher that wears many hats such as a coach, actor, cheerleader and friend. Having the ability to read their moods, body language, when and what may cause them to become frustrated. Also having a deep belief in each and every student has the ability to learn and achieve. In an interview with four teachers, two inclusion teachers and two self contain teachers was conducted. All four teachers were asked the same questions this being a summary of the results of that interview. (Grand Canyon University, n. d. ) In their opinions, what is necessary for a meaningful and worthwhile teaching and learning experience? All four teachers refer to having respect for each student and students having respect for them and being consistent in enforcing classroom rules. Maintain a set of routines so the students know what is expected of them each day. Know the laws that deal with Special Education. These laws are appt to change at any time. (Grand Canyon University, n. d. ) How is a meaningful learning experience for students related to the teacher’s philosophy of education? The teachers all feel in general that a meaningful education is synonymous with their philosophy. A student must be made to feel respected, valued, and to feel safe in the classroom. Discipline is as necessary as the text without it the learning process cannot be achieved. Each teacher believed that having the understanding that each student will learn on deferent levels and different ways. It was part of their philosophy to discover the uniqueness of every student. (Grand Canyon University, n. d. ) Why did you want to become teachers? Why do you continue teaching? The first part of this question is generic. They all were influence by a teacher or more than one teacher as they were growing up. The second part was a little different with each teacher. In general the challenge they face every day. Having a child all of a sodden come alive. They begin to grasp the math or reading at their level seeing the excitement in their eyes when a door opens for them that once was closed. The small rewards everyday is what kept them in the classroom. (Grand Canyon University, n. d. ) What are two or three of their most rewarding teaching experiences? Their most challenging? Two of the teachers stated that their most rewarding experience was in having a past student call them up with an invitation to their graduation. These students stating that they would not have made it through school if these two teachers did not believe in them from the start. The others where when they observed there student achieve the understanding of basic math without a calculator and one learning how to write their name for the first time at the age of thirteen. (Grand Canyon University, n. d. ) What changes would they like to make in teaching? Why? They all agreed that the change they would make would be Standardize testing the F-cat (Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test). The teachers have to teach the test and not what the student truly need to be successful in the classroom. They state the biggest problem with this test is that the government is trying to outsmart the student. It is believed that they design the test to make the students to fail. One example was given were a student was a straight â€Å"A† students her whole life all through elementary, middle and high school. She took the F-cat so she could graduate and failed. She could not graduate with her class. They feel the test is not fare to student with or without learning disabilities. The changes they all agreed with was to completely do away with the F-cat and much of the paper work and go back to letting teachers teach. (Grand Canyon University, n. d. ) The reason I want to become a teacher is the total opposite of the teachers interviewed. I never had a teacher that left a lasting impression on my life. I had no on to mentor me as I chose to become a teacher. I became a teacher because after a few industrial accidents left me unable do anything physical for a very long time. While I was looking for something I could do. A bus driving passion came open. So I became a bus driver. As I was driving the position of a substitute teacher open I became a substitute teacher because it paid two dollars more an hour. That was as a substitute teacher that and working with the student that made me decided to become a teacher full time. Watching students struggle with their work, being able to show them how to do it correctly, and having the opportunity to see the â€Å"ahh† factor. Being able to help students learn and see them as they learned is one of the greatest experiences I had in my life time. The decision to become a Special education teacher came a little later. It was the same as when I decided to become a teacher. It was having that one on one with the student. Being able to teach a class with children that were diagnose with Downs, Autistics, Mental Retardation and the list grows. I feel in love with these children and discovered the real need for teacher in this area. This is the reason I decided to join the ranks of Special Education teachers. Through the interview I discovered an even stronger desire to become a Special Education teacher. Through these teachers interview help to enforce what I already knew. Each student is a unique individual. Having different personalities, weakness, strengths, and learning styles. This becoming one of the greatest challenges is unlocking each student mind helping them to discover knowledge. References Grand Canyon University. Syllabus module 2 (n. d. ). http://angel103. gcu. edu/section/default. asp? id=835810